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SHANS , a collective name, probably from See also:Chinese Shan-tse, Shan-yen (Shan= " See also:mountain "), " highlanders," given by the Burmese to all the tribes of Thai stock subject to the former See also:kingdom of See also:Burma (see SHAN STATES below). The Shans See also:call themselves Tai or Punong; while the Chinese call them Pai or Pai-yi. Among them exist the purest types of the Thai See also:race. They are found all over the See also:province of Yunnan and in the border-See also:land between See also:China and Burma. Politically, where not under th e See also:direct See also:control of Chinese magistrates, the tribes are organized under their own chiefs, who are recognized by the Chinese See also:government and endowed with See also:official See also:rank and See also:title. In Burmese such native chiefs are termed Sawbwa.
For the See also:history of the Thai race see TuA1s. See also See also:LAOS. MIAOTZE, Lows. Also A. R. Colquhoun, Amongst the Shans (1885); E. Aymonier, " See also:Les Tchaines," in Revue de l'histoire See also:des religions for
1891.
SHAN-SI, a See also:northern province of China, bounded N. by See also:Mongolia, E. by Chih-li, S. by Ho-nan, and W. by Shen-si. Estimates of its See also:area vary from 66,000 to 81,000 sq. m. and it has besides its See also:capital, Tai-yuen Fu (pop. 230,000), eight prefectural cities. The See also:population is returned as 12,200,000. It includes, in the northern districts, about 500,000 See also:Mongols. The See also:con-Sguration of Shan-si is noteworthy, forming, from its See also:southern frontier as far See also:north as Ning-wu Fu—an area of about 30,000 sq. m.—a See also:plateau 2600 to 6000 ft. above the level of the See also:sea, the whole of which is one vast See also:coal-See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field. North and See also:west the plateau is bounded by high mountain ranges trending See also:south-west and north-See also:east. Down the central See also:line of the province from north to south lies a See also:series of deep depressions, all of which are See also:ancient See also:lake basins. But though forming a series these lakes were not formerly connected with each other, some being separated from those next adjoining by high ridges, and being drained by different See also:rivers and in different directions. The Fen-ho, the largest See also:river in Shan-si, with a See also:general S.S.W. direction, and the See also:Chin-ho, also a considerable stream, are both tributaries of the Yellow river. -
Shan-si is one of the most remarkable coal and See also:iron regions in the See also:world, a veritable second See also:Pennsylvania, and See also:Baron von Richtho-
A vest fen gave it as his See also:opinion that the world, at the See also:present
A vast' See also:rate of See also:consumption of coal, could be supplied for thousands
of years from Shan-si alone. In the south the See also:neighbour-See also:hood of Tsi-chow Fu abounds in both coal and iron, and has probably, partly through being within reach of the populous See also:plain of Hwai-See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king Fu, of the Yellow river, of Tao-kow Chin and Sew-wu Hien (the See also:shipping places for See also:Tientsin and the See also:Grand See also:Canal) and of Ho-nan Fu, furnished more iron to the Chinese than any other region of a similar extent in the See also:empire. The iron is of See also:great purity and easily fusible, while See also:clay and See also:sand for crucibles, moulds, &c., and a See also:superior See also:anthracite coal, See also:lie ready to See also:hand. The coal is of two kinds, bituminous and anthracite, the line of demarcation between the two being formed by the hills which are the continuation of the Ho-shan range, the See also:fields of bituminous coal being west of these hills, and those of anthracite east. In the neighbourhood of Ping-ting Chow the extent of the coal-field is incalculable; and speaking of the whole plateau, Baron von See also:Richthofen says: " These extraordinary conditions, for which I know no parallel on the globe, will eventually give rise to some curious features in See also:mining. It may be predicted that, if a railway should ever be built from the plain to this region, . . . branches of it will be constructed within the See also:body of one or other of these beds of anthracite, which are among the thickest and most valuable known anywhere, and continue for See also:miles underneath the hills west of the present coal-See also:belt of Ping-ting Chow. Such a See also:tunnel would allow of putting the produce of the various coal-beds immediately on See also:rail-road carts destined for distant places." These mines are worked by the See also:Peking See also:Syndicate, who have gained a concession to develop them, and have a railway to connect their workings with the Lu-Han See also:trunk line, which traverses the east of the province.
See also:Salt is produced in the prefecture of Ping-yang in the south of the province, both from a salt lake and from the alluvial See also:soil in the neighbourhood of the Fen-ho. Shan-si produces cereals, See also:tobacco, See also:cotton and sometimes See also:rice, but in agricultural products the province is poor; the means of transport are See also:rude and in-sufficient. The See also:people of Shan-si are great traders, and nearly all the See also:commerce of southern Mongolia is in their hands. A railway connecting the capital with See also:Pekin was opened in 1908. The only See also:wagon road leading into and through Shan-si is the great See also:highway from Peking to Si-gan Fu, which enters Shan-si west of See also:Cheng-ting Fu, and leaves the province at Tung-kwan at the great See also:bend of the Hwang-ho. Transport is chiefly on the backs of camels, mules and asses. The province suffered from a terrible See also:famine in 1878-1879, about which See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time See also:Protestant missionaries began See also:work in the capital. In the north, beyond the Great See also:Wall, is the See also:city of Kwei-hwa-Cheng (pop. about 200,000), formerly the See also:residence of the grand Lama of Mongolia; it has many Lama monasteries.
Shan-si university, one of the best equipped in China, °owes its existence to the Boxer rising. Certain Protestant missionary bodies in the province refused to accept the See also:compensation awarded them for damage to their See also:property, and at their See also:request the See also:money was devoted to the See also:foundation of a university, the missionaries being guaranteed for ten years the control of the western See also:side of the See also:education given therein.
See See also:Richard's Comprehensive See also:Geography of the Chinese Empire (See also:Shanghai, 1908), § I, ch. iii. and the authorities there cited.
End of Article: SHANS
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