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delta which extends southward from its walls for 700 M. For nine centuries Peking, under various names and under the dominion of successive dynasties, has, with some See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short intervals, remained an imperial See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city. Its situation near the northern frontier recommended it to the Tatar invaders as a convenient centre for their See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and its peculiarly fortunate position as regards the supernatural terrestrial influences pertaining to it has inclined succeeding Chinese monarchs to accept it as the seat of their courts. In 986 it was taken by an invading force of Khitan See also:

TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, who adopted it as their headquarters and named it See also:

NANKING (" the southern capital ")

Nanking, or the " See also:

SOUTHERN

southern capital." During the See also:

early See also:

PART

part of the 12th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the Chinese recaptured it and reduced it from the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a See also:

METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis to that of a provincial city of the first grade, and called it Yen-shan Fu. In 1151 it See also:

fell into the hands of the See also:

KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

Kin Tatars, who made it a royal See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence under the name of Chung-tu, or " central capital." Less than a century later it became the See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of Jenghiz See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, who, having his See also:

main interests centred on the Mongolian See also:

STEPPES

steppes, declined to move his See also:

court southwards. His great successor, Kublai Khan (1280-1294), rebuilt the See also:

TOWN

town, which he called Yenking, and which became known in Chinese as Ta-tu, or " great court," and in Mongolian as Khanbalik (See also:

CAMBALUC

Cambaluc), or " city of the khan." During the reign of the first See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty (1368-1399) which. succeeded that founded by Jenghiz Khan the court resided at the See also:

MODERN

modern Nanking, but the succeeding See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign Yung-lo (1403-1425) transferred his court to Pe-See also:

king (i.e. " See also:

north-court "), which has ever since been the seat of See also:

government. For further See also:

HISTORY

history see CAMBALUC. During the periods above mentioned the extent and boundaries of the city varied considerably. Under the Kin dynasty the walls extended to the See also:

south-See also:

west of the Tatar portion of the See also:

PRESENT

present city, and the See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the northern ramparts of the Khan-balik of Kublai Khan are still to be traced at a distance of about 2 M. north beyond the existing walls. The modern city consists of the See also:

nei ch' e"ng, or inner city, commonly known to foreigners as the " Tatar city," and the See also:

wai ch' eeng, or See also:

OUTER

outer city, known in the same way as the " Chinese city." These names are somewhat misleading, as the inner city is not enclosed within the outer city, but adjoins its northern See also:

wall, which, being longer than the nei ch'e"ng is wide, outflanks it considerably at both ends. The outer walls of the See also:

double city contain an See also:

AREA

area of about 25 sq. m., and measure 30 M. in circumference.

Unlike the walls of most Chinese cities, those of Peking are kept in perfect See also:

order. Those of the Tatar portion, which is the See also:

OLDEST

oldest part of the city, are 50 ft. high, with a width of 6o ft. at the See also:

BASE

base and 40 ft. at the See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, while those of the Chinese city, which were built by the emperor Kia-tsing in 1543, measure 30 ft. in height, and have a width of 25 ft. at the base and 15 ft. at the top. The terre-plein is well and smoothly paved, and is defended by a crenellated See also:

PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet. The outer faces of the walls are strengthened by square buttresses built out at intervals of 6o yds., and on the summits of these stand the guard-houses for the troops on See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty. Each of the sixteen See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of the city is protected by a semi-circular See also:

ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, and is surmounted by a high See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower built in galleries and provided with countless loopholes. Peking suffered severely during the Boxer See also:

MOVEMENT

movement and the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of the legations in the summer of 1900. Not only were most of the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign buildings destroyed, but also a large number of important Chinese buildings in the vicinity of the foreign See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, including the See also:

ancient Hanlin Yuen, the boards of See also:

war, See also:

RITES

rites, &c. Almost the whole of the business quarter, the wealthiest part of the Chinese city, was laid in ashes (see See also:

CHINA

CHINA: History). The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Peking is reckoned to be about r,000,000, a number which is out of all proportion to the immense area enclosed within its walls. This disparity is partly accounted for by the facts that large spaces, notably in the Chinese city, are not built over, and that the grounds surrounding the imperial See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, private residences and temples are very extensive. One of such enclosures constitutes the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation, and most of the other foreign legations are similarly, though not so sumptuously, lodged. Viewed from the walls Peking looks like a city of gardens.

Few crowded neighbourhoods are visible, and the characteristic features of the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene which meets the See also:

eye are the upturned See also:

ROOFS

roofs of temples, palaces, and mansions, See also:

gay with See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, See also:

green and yellow glazed tiles, glittering among the groves of trees with which the city abounds. It is fortunate that the city is not See also:

close-built or crowded, for since the first See also:

ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of foreigners in Peking in 186o nothing whatever had been done until 190o to improve the streets or the drainage. The streets as originally laid out were wide and spacious, but being unpaved and undrained they were no better than mud tracks diversified by piles of garbage and foul-smelling stagnant pools. Such drainage as had at one See also:

time existed was allowed to get choked up, giving rise to typhoid See also:

FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever of a virulent type. Some See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt has been made to improve matters by macadamizing one of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal thoroughfares, but it will be the labour of a See also:

Hercules to cleanse this vast city from the accumulated filth of ages of neglect. Enclosed within the Tatar city is the Hwang ch' e"ng, or " Imperial city," which in its turn encloses the Tsze-kin ch' e"ng, or " Forbidden city," in which stands the emperor's palace. On the north of the Tsze-kin ch'eeng, and separated from it by a See also:

MOAT

moat, is an artificial See also:

MOUND

mound known as the King shan, or " Prospect See also:

Hill." This mound, which forms a prominent See also:

OBJECT

object in the view over the city, is about 150 ft. high, and is topped with five summits, on each of which stands a See also:

temple. It is encircled by a wall measuring upwards of a mile in circumference, and is prettily planted with trees, on one of which the last emperor of the Ming dynasty (1644), finding See also:

ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the Manchu invaders impossible, haned himself. On the west of Prospect Hill is the Si yuan, or ` Western See also:

Park," which forms part of the palace grounds. This park is tastefully laid out, and is traversed by a See also:

lake, which is mainly noticeable from the remark-ably handsome See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

BRIDGE

bridge which crosses it from See also:

east to west. Directly northwards from Prospect Hill stands the residence of the T'itu, or "See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the city," and the See also:

Bell and the See also:

DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

Drum Towers, both of which have attained celebrity from the nature of their contents—the first from the huge bell which hangs, in it, and the second from the appliances it contains for marking the time. The bell is one of five which the emperor Yung-lo ordered to be See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast.

In See also:

COMMON

common with the others, it weighs 120,000 lb, is 14 ft. high, 34 ft. in circumference at the rim, and 9 in. thick. It is struck by a wooden See also:

beam swung on the outside, and only at the changes of the See also:

NIGHT

night-watches, when its deep See also:

TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone may be heard in all parts of the city. In the Drum Tower See also:

INCENSE

incense-sticks, specially prepared by the astronomical See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, are kept burning to See also:

mark the passage of time, in which important duty their accuracy is checked by a See also:

CLEPSYDRA (from Gr. rc1,Eirrerr, to steal, and Mop, water)

clepsydra. Another of Yung-lo's bells is hung in a Buddhist temple outside the north-west See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the city wall, and is covered both on the inside and outside with the Chinese texts of the Lankavatara Sutra, and the Saddharma pundarika Sutra. Turning southwards we come again to the Forbidden City, the central portion of which forms the imperial palace, where, in halls which for the magnificence of their proportions and barbaric splendour are probably not to be surpassed anywhere, the Son of See also:

HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven holds his court. In the eastern and western portions of this city are situated the residences of the highest dignitaries of the empire; while beyond its confines on the south staid the offices of the six See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official boards which See also:

DIRECT

direct the affairs of the eighteen provinces. It was in the " yamen " of one of these boards—the Li Pu or board of rites—that See also:

Lord See also:

ELGIN

Elgin signed the treaty at the conclusion of the war in 186o—an event which derives especial See also:

INTEREST

interest from the fact of its having been the first occasion on which a See also:

EUROPEAN

European plenipotentiary ever entered Peking accompanied by all the pomp and circumstance of his rank. Outside the Forbidden City the most noteworthy See also:

BUILDING

building is the Temple of Heaven, which stands in the outer or Chinese city. Here at early See also:

MORNING

morning on the 21st of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December the emperor offers See also:

SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice on an open See also:

ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar to Shang-ti, and at periods of drought or See also:

FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine presents prayers for See also:

RELIEF

relief to the same supreme deity. The altar at which these See also:

SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn rites are performed consists of a triple circular marble See also:

TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace, 210 ft. wide at the base, 150 in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle and 90 at the top. The uppermost See also:

SURFACE

surface is paved with blocks of the same material forming nine concentric circles, the innermost consisting of nine blocks, and that on the outside of eighty-one blocks. On the central See also:

stone, which is a perfect circle, the emperor kneels.

In the same temple stands the altar of See also:

prayer for See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good harvests, which is surmounted by a triple-roofed circular structure 99 ft. in height. The tiles of these roofs are glazed See also:

PORCELAIN

porcelain of the most exquisite deep-blue See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and add a conspicuous See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of splendour to the See also:

SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine. The other See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of nature have shrines dedicated to them in the altar: to the See also:

Earth on the north of the city, the altars to the See also:

Sun and See also:

Moon outside the north-eastern and north-western angles respectively of the Chinese city, and the altar of See also:

agriculture inside the south See also:

GATE

gate of the Chinese city. Next to these in religious importance comes the Confucian temple, known as the Kwo-tsze-kien. Here there is no splendour; everything is quite See also:

PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain; and one See also:

hall contains all that is sacred in the building. There the tablets of " the soul of the most See also:

HOLY

holy ancestral teacher, See also:

CONFUCIUS [K'ung tsze] (550 or 551-478 B.C.)

Confucius," and of his ten principal disciples stand as See also:

OBJECTS

objects of See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship for their countless followers. In one courtyard of this temple are deposited the celebrated ten stone drums which See also:

bear poetical See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions commemorative of the See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting expeditions of King Suan (827–781 B.c.), in whose reign they are believed, though erroneously, to have been cut; and in another stands a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of stone tablets on which are inscribed the names of all those who have obtained the highest See also:

LITERARY

literary degree of Tsin-shi for the last five centuries. In the south-eastern portion of the Tatar city used to stand the See also:

OBSERVATORY

observatory, which was built by order of Kublai Khan in 1296. During the See also:

period of the Jesuit ascendancy in the reign of K'ang-hi (1661–1721), the superintendence of this institution was confided to See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic missionaries, under whose guidance the See also:

BRONZE

bronze See also:

INSTRUMENTS

instruments formerly existing were constructed. The inhabitants of Peking being consumers only, and in no way producers, the See also:

trade of the city is very small, though the city is open to foreign See also:

commerce. In 1897 a railway was opened between See also:

TIENTSIN

Tientsin and Peking. This was only effected after great opposition from the ultra-Conservatives, but once accomplished the facilities were gladly accepted by all classes, and the See also:

TRAFFIC

traffic both in goods and passengers is already enormous.

Out of deference to the scruples of the ultra-Conservatives, the See also:

TERMINUS

terminus was fixed at a See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place called Lu-Kou-ch'iao, some 4 M. outside the walls, but this distance has since been covered by an electric See also:

TRAMWAY

tramway. The See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk See also:

LINE

line constructed by the Franco-Belgian See also:

SYNDICATE

syndicate connects Lu-Kou-ch'iao, the See also:

ORIGINAL

original terminus, with See also:

HANKOW (" Mouth of the Han ")

Hankow—hence the name Lu-Han by which this trunk line is generally spoken of, Lu being short for Lu-Kou-ch'iao and Han for Hankow.

End of Article: PEKING, or PEKIN

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