|
See also:ENGINEERS, MILITARY . From the earliest times engineers have been employed both in the See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field of See also:war and on field defences. In See also:modern times, however, the application of numerous scientific and See also:engineering devices to warfare has resulted in the creation of many See also:minor branches of military engineering, some of them almost rivalling in importance their See also:primary See also:duty of fortification and siegecraft, such as the field See also:telegraph, the See also:balloon service, nearly all demolitions, the See also:building of See also:pontoon and other See also:bridges, and the construction and working of military roads, See also:railways, piers, &c. All these branches requiring See also:special knowledge, the modern tendency is to See also:divide a See also:corps of engineers in accordance with such requirements. The " field companies " and " fortress companies " of the R.E. represent the traditional See also:tactical application of their See also:arm to See also:works of offence and See also:defence in field and See also:siege warfare. The balloon, telegraph, and other branches, also organized on a permanent footing, re-See also:present the modern application of scientific See also:aids in warfare. (See FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT; See also:TACTICS; See also:INFANTRY, &C.)
See also:History.-It is difficult to distinguish between military and See also:civil engineers in the earlier ages of modern history, for all engineers acted as builders of castles and defensible strongholds, as well as manufacturers and See also:directors of engines of war with which to attack or defend them. The See also:annals of fortification show professors, artists, &c., as well as soldiers and architects, as designers and builders of innumerable systems of fortification. By the See also:middle of the 13th See also:century there was in See also:England an organized See also:body of skilled workmen employed under a " See also:chief engineer." At the siege of See also:Calais in 1347 this corps consisted of masons, carpenters, smiths, tentmakers, miners, armourers,
gunners and artillerymen. At the siege of See also:Harfleur in 1415 the chief engineer was designated See also:Master of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King's Works, Guns and See also:Ordnance, and the corps under him numbered 500 men, including 21 See also:foot-archers. Headquarters of engineers existed at the See also:Tower of See also:London before 1350, and a century later See also:developed into the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
Office of Ordnance (afterwards the See also:Board of Ordnance), whose duty was to administer all matters connected with fortifications, See also:artillery and ordnance stores.
See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry VIII. employed many engineers (of whom See also:Sir See also:Richard See also:- LEE
- LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
- LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
- LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
- LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
- LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
- LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
- LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
- LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
- LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
- LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
- LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
- LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
- LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)
Lee is the best known) in constructing See also:coast defences from See also:Penzance to the See also:Thames and thence to See also:Berwick-on-See also:Tweed, and in strengthening the fortresses of Calais and See also:Guines in See also:France. He also added to the organization a body of pioneers under See also:trench-masters and a master trenchmaster. See also:Charles II. increased the See also:peace See also:establishment of engineers and formed a See also:separate one for See also:Ireland, with a chief engineer who was also surveyor-See also:general of the King's Works. In both countries only a small permanent establishment was maintained, a special ordnance See also:train being enrolled in war-See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time for each expedition and disbanded on its termination. The See also:commander of an ordnance train was frequently, but not necessarily, an engineer, but there was always a chief engineer of each train. At See also:Blenheim (1704) See also:Marlborough's ordnance train was commanded by See also:Holcroft See also:Blood, a distinguished engineer. But after the See also:rebellion of 1715 it was decided to separate the artillery from the engineers, and the royal See also:warrant of 26th May 1716 established two companies of artillery as a separate See also:regiment, and an engineer corps composed of r chief engineer, 3 directors, 6 engineers-in-See also:ordinary, 6 engineers extraordinary, 6 sub-engineers and 6 practitioner engineers.
Until the 14th of May T757 See also:officers of engineers frequently held, in addition to their military See also:rank in the corps of engineers, commissions in foot regiments; but on and after that date all engineer officers were gazetted to See also:army as well as engineer rank—the chief engineer as See also:colonel of foot, directors as See also:lieutenant-colonel, and so forth down to practitioners as ensigns. On the 18th of See also:November 1782 engineer grades, except that of chief engineer, were abolished, and the establishment was fixed at r chief engineer and colonel, 6 colonels commandant,.6 lieutenant-colonels, 9 captains, 9 See also:captain lieutenants (afterwards second captains), 22 first lieutenants, and 22 second lieutenants. Ten years later a small invalid corps was formed. In 1787 the designation " Royal " was conferred upon the engineers, and its See also:precedence settled to be on the right of the army, with the royal artillery.
In 1802 the See also:title of chief engineer was changed to inspector-general of fortifications. From this time to the conclusion of the See also:Crimean War various augmentations took See also:place, consequent on the increasing and widely extending duties thrown upon the officers. These, in addition to ordinary military duties, comprised the construction and See also:maintenance of fortifications, barrack and ordnance See also:store buildings, and all engineering services connected with them. The cadastral survey of the See also:United See also:Kingdom (called the " Ordnance Survey ") had been entrusted to the engineers as far back as 1784, and absorbed many officers in its See also:execution.
In 1778 the formation at See also:Gibraltar of " The See also:Company of Soldier Artificers," officered by Royal Engineers, was authorized, and a second company was added soon afterwards. In 1787 by royal warrant " The Corps of Royal Military Artificers " was established at See also:home, consisting of six companies, with which the Gibraltar companies were amalgamated. In 18o6 this corps was doubled, and in 1811 increased to 32 companies. In 1813 its title was changed to " The Royal Sappers and Miners." In 1856, at the See also:close of the Crimean War, it was incorporated with " The Corps of Royal Engineers," by whom it had always been officered. At that date the corps numbered about 340 officers and 4000 non-commissioned officers and men, in r See also:troop and 32 companies.
In 1770 the See also:East See also:India Company reorganized the engineer corps of the three presidencies, composed of officers only. Native corps of sappers or pioneers were formed later, and officered principally by engineers. The officers of engineers were employed in peace-time on the public works of the See also:country, their services when required being placed at the disposal of the military authorities. The See also:Indian Engineers have not only distinguished themselves in
9-07
the operations of war, but have See also:left monuments of engineering skill in the See also:irrigation works, railways, surveys, roads, bridges, public buildings and defences of the country. When Indian See also:administration was transferred to the See also:crown (1862) the Indian Engineers became " Royal," so that there now exists but one corps, the Royal Engineers.
This is composed of about See also:I000 officers and 7700 warrant and non-commissioned officers and men. Of the officers some 220 are attached to See also:units, about 400 employed either at home or in the colonies on engineering duties in military commands, on the See also:staff, or on special duty, and about 370 on the Indian establishment. The supreme technical See also:control of the Royal Engineers is exercised from the War Office. See also UNITED KINGDOM; ARMY.
The history of the See also:French engineers shows a somewhat similar See also:line of development. Originally selected officers of infantry were given brevets as engineers, and these men performed military and also civil duties for the king's service by the aid of companies of workmen enlisted and discharged from time to time. See also:Vauban (q.v.) was the founder of the famous corps de Genie (169o). Its members were selected officers and civilians, employed in all branches of military and See also:naval services, and it soon achieved its See also:European reputation as the first school of fortification and siege-See also:craft. It received a special See also:uniform in 1732. About 1755 it was for a time merged in the artillery. In 1766 the title of Genie was conferred upon the officers, and the same name (troupes de Genie) was given to the previously existing companies of sappers and miners in 18o1.
In the United States the separate Corps of Engineers (since 1794 there had been a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers) was organized in 1802, starting with a small body stationed at See also:West Point, which in 1838 and 1846 was gradually increased, and in 1861 given three additional companies. In 1866 they were formed into a See also:battalion and stationed at Willets Point, N.Y. In 1901 they were reorganized in three battalions, with a See also:total strength of 1282. The U.S. Engineer School, formerly at Willets Point; was transferred in 1901 to See also:Washington. Until 1866 the military See also:academy at West Point was under the supervision of the Corps of Engineers, but from that time its direction was thrown open; but the highest See also:branch at West Point is still regarded as that of the engineers. The Corps of Engineers has done a See also:great See also:deal of highly important See also:work in the United States, notably in building forts, and improving See also:rivers and harbours for See also:navigation.
See Maj.-Gen. R. W. See also:Porter, Hist. of the Corps of Royal Engineers (See also:Chatham, 1889) ; C. Lecomte, See also:Les Ingenieurs militaires de la France (See also:Paris, 1903) ; H. Frobenius, Geschichte der K. preuss. Ingenieurund See also:Pioneer-Korps (See also:Berlin, 1906).
End of Article: ENGINEERS, MILITARY
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!