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MINOR

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 625 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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MINOR ARMIES too. Dutch and Belgian Armies.—The military See also:

power of the " See also:United Provinces " See also:dates its rise from the See also:middle of the 16th See also:century, when, after a See also:long and sanguinary struggle, they succeeded in emancipating themselves from the yoke of See also:Spain; and in the following century it received considerable development in consequence of the See also:wars they had to maintain against See also:Louis XIV. In 1702 they had in their pay upwards of See also:Ioo,000 men, including many See also:English and Scottish regiments, besides 30,000 in the service of the Dutch See also:East See also:India See also:Company. But the slaughter of See also:Malplaquet deprived the See also:republic of the See also:flower of the See also:army. Its See also:part in the See also:War of the See also:Austrian See also:Succession was far from being as creditable as its earlier deeds, a Prussian army overran See also:Holland in 1787 almost without opposition, and at the beginning of the wars of the See also:French Revolution the army had fallen to 36,000 men. In 1795 Holland was conquered by the French under See also:Pichegru, and in the course of the changes which ensued the army was entirely reorganized, and under French direction See also:bore its See also:share in the See also:great wars of the See also:empire. With the fall of See also:Napoleon and the reconstitution of the Nether-lands, the Dutch-Belgian army, formed of the troops of the now united countries, came Into existence. The army fought at See also:Waterloo, but was not destined to a long career. for the revolution of 183o brought about the separation of See also:Belgium. A Dutch See also:garrison under See also:Baron See also:Chasse, a distinguished See also:veteran of the See also:Napoleonic wars, defended See also:Antwerp against the French under See also:Marshal See also:Gerard, and the See also:Netherlands have been engaged in many arduous colonial wars in the East Indies. The Belgian army similarly has contributed See also:officers and non-commissioned officers to the service of the See also:Congo See also:Free See also:State. See also:lot. Swiss Army.—The inhabitants of See also:Switzerland were always a See also:hardy and See also:independent See also:race, but their high military reputation dates from the middle of the 15th century, when the comparatively See also:ill-armed and untrained mountaineers signally defeated See also:Charles the Bold of See also:Burgundy and the flower of the See also:chivalry of See also:Europe in the battles of Granson, See also:Morat and See also:Nancy.

The Swabian war, towards the end of that century, and the Milanese war, at the beginning of the following one, added to the fame of the Swiss See also:

infantry, and made it the See also:model on which that See also:arm was formed all over Europe. The wealthier countries vied with each other in See also:hiring them as mercenaries, and the poor but warlike Swiss found the profession of arms a lucrative one. A brief See also:account of the Swiss mercenaries will be found earlier in this See also:article. Their fall was due in the end to their own indiscipline in the first See also:place, and the rise of the See also:Spanish See also:standing army and its musketeers in the second. Yet it does not seem that the•military reputation of the Swiss was discredited, even by reverses such as See also:Marignan. On the contrary, they continued all through the 17th and 18th centuries to furnish whole regiments for the service of other countries, notably of See also:France, and individuals, like See also:Jomini in a later See also:age, followed the career of the soldier of See also:fortune everywhere. The most notable incident in the later military See also:history of the Swiss, the heroic faithfulness of Louis XVI.'s Swiss guard, is proverbial, and has been commemorated with just See also:pride by their countrymen. The French Revolutionary armies overran Switzerland, as they did all the small neighbouring states, and during Napoleon's career she had to submit to his See also:rule, and furnish her contingent to his armies. On the fall of Napoleon she regained her See also:independence, and returned to her old See also:trade of furnishing soldiers to the sovereigns and See also:powers of Europe. Charles X. of France had at one See also:time as many as 17,000 Swiss in his pay; See also:Naples and See also:Rome had each four regiments. The recruiting for these See also:foreign services was openly acknowledged and encouraged by the See also:government. The See also:young Swiss engaged usually for a See also:period of four or six years; they were formed in See also:separate regiments, officered by countrymen of their own, and received a higher See also:rate of pay than the See also:national regiments; and at the See also:close of their engagement returned with their earnings to See also:settle down on their paternal holdings.

A See also:

series of revolutions, however, expelled them from France and See also:Italy, and recently the advance of liberal ideas, and the creation of great national armies based on the principle of See also:personal service, has destroyed their occupation. Switzerland is now remarkable in a military sense as being the only See also:country that maintains no standing army (see See also:Militia). 102. The See also:Swedish Army can look back with pride to the days of Gustavus See also:Adolphus and of Charles XII. The contributions made by it to the military See also:science of the 17th century have been noticed above. The triumphs of the small and highly disciplined army of Charles were often such as to recall the similar victories of the Greeks under See also:Alexander. The then nebulous armies of See also:Russia and See also:Poland resembled indeed the forces of See also:Darius in the 4th century B.C., but See also:Peter the Great succeeded at last in producing a true army, and the resistance of the Swedes collapsed under the See also:weight of the vastly See also:superior See also:numbers then brought against them. The Danish Army has a long and meritorious See also:record of See also:good service dating from the See also:Thirty Years' War. 103. The existing Army of See also:Portugal dates from the See also:Peninsular War, when a considerable force of Portuguese, at one time exceeding 60,000 men, was organized under Marshal See also:Beresford. Trained and partly officered by English officers, it proved itself not unworthy of its See also:allies, and bore its full share in the series of See also:campaigns and battles by which the French were ultimately expelled from Spain. At the See also:peace the army numbered about 50,000 infantry and 5000 See also:cavalry, formed on the English model, and all in the highest state of efficiency.

This force was reduced in 1821, under the new constitutional government, to about one-See also:

half. 104. The Rumanian, Bulgarian and Servian armies are the youngest in Europe. The conduct of the Rumanians before See also:Plevna in 1877 earned for them the respect of soldiers of all countries. See also:Servia and See also:Bulgaria came to war in 1885, and the Bulgarian soldiers, under the most adverse conditions, achieved splendid victories under the leadership of their own officers. In the crisis following the Austrian See also:annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1908-9), it seemed likely that the Servian forces might See also:play an unexpectedly active part in war even with a strong power. V. der See also:Goltz, Das See also:Volk in Waffen (1883, new ed., 1898, English See also:translation, P. A. Ashworth, Nation in Arms, See also:London, 1887, new ed., 1907, French, Nation' armee, See also:Paris, 1889) ; Jahns, Heeresverfassung and Volkerleben (See also:Berlin, 1885); Berndt, See also:Die Zahl See also:im Kriege (See also:Vienna, 1895); F. N. See also:Maude, See also:Evolution of See also:Modern See also:Strategy (1903), Voluntary versus Compulsory Service (1897), and War and the See also:World's See also:Life (1907) ; Pierron, Methodes de guerre, vol. i.; Jahns, Geschichte der Krseggwissenschaften (an exhaustive bibliography, with See also:critical notes) ; Troschke, Mil. Litteratur seit den Befreiungskrie;en (Berlin, 1870) ; T.

A. See also:

Dodge, Great Captains (Alexander, See also:Hannibal, See also:Caesar, Gustavus, Napoleon) ; Bronsart v. Schellendorf (Eng. trans., War See also:Office, 1905) Duties of the See also:General See also:Staff ; Fave, Histoire et tactique See also:des trois armes (See also:Liege, 185o) ; Maynert, Gesch. des Kriegswesens u. der Heeresverfassungen in See also:Europa (Vienna, 1869) ; Jahns, Handbuch See also:fur eine Geschichte des Kriegswesens v. der Urzeit bis zur See also:Renaissance (See also:Leipzig, 1880) ; de la See also:Barre Duparc Histoire de l'See also:art de la guerre avant l'usage de poudre (Paris, 1860) ; See also:Rustow and Kochly, Geschichte des priechischen Kriegswesens (Aarau, 1852) ; Kochly and Rustow, Graechische Kriegsschriftsteller (Leipzig, 1855) ; See also:Forster, in See also:Hermes, xii. (1877) ; D. G. See also:Hogarth, See also:Philip and Alexander (London, 1897) ; Macdougall, Campaigns of Hannibal (London, 1858) ; Rustow, Heerwesen, &c., See also:Julius Casars (See also:Nordhausen, 1855) See also:Organ der M. Wissensch. Verein of 1877 (Vienna) ; See also:Polybius literature of the 17th and 18th centuries; supplement to M.W.B., 1883; the See also:works of See also:Xenophon, See also:Aelian, See also:Arrian, See also:Vegetius, Polybius, Caesar, &c. (see Kochly and Rustow: a collection was made in the 15th century, under the See also:title Veteres de re militari scriptores, 1487) ; See also:Oman, A History of the Art of War: Middle Ages (London, 1898); Delpech, La Tactigue au XIII° siecle (Paris, 1886); Kohler, Die Entwickelung des Kriegswesens v. 11. Jahrhdt. bis zu den Hussitenkriegen (See also:Breslau, 1886–1893) ; Ricotti, Storia delle Compagnie di Ventura (See also:Turin, 1846) ; Steger, Gesch. See also:Francesco Sforzas and d. ital.

Condottieri (Leipzig, 1865) ; J. A. See also:

Symonds, The Renaissance in Italy and The Age of the Despots; A See also:Brandenburg Mobilization of 1477 (See also:German General Staff Monograph, No. 3) ; Palacky, "Kriegskunst der Bohmen," Zeitschrift bohmisch. Museums (See also:Prague, 1828); See also:George, Battles of English History (London, 1895) ; Biottot, See also:Les Grands inspires devant la science: Jeanne d'Arc • (Paris, 1907) ; V. Ellger, Kriegswesen, &c., der Eidgenossen, i4., zg., 16. Jahrhdt. (x873); de la Chauvelays, Les Armees de Charles le Temeraire (Paris, 1879) ; See also:Guillaume, Hist. des bandes d'ordonnance clans les Pays-Bas (See also:Brussels, 1873) ; the works of See also:Froissart, de Branthme, See also:Machiavelli, Lienhard Fronsperger (Kriegsbuch, 1570), de la Noue, du Bellay, &c.; See also:Villari, Life and Times of Machiavelli (English version) ; " Die frommen Landsknechte " (M. W. B., supplement, 188o) ; Kriegsbilder aus der Zeit der Landsknechte (See also:Stuttgart, 1883) ; C. H. See also:Firth, See also:Cromwell's Army (London, 1902) ; Heilmann, Das Kriegswesen der Kaiserlichen and Schweden (Leipzig, 185o) ; C.

See also:

Walton, History of the See also:British Standing Army, 166o–z700 (London, 1894); E. A. Altnam in United Service See also:Magazine, See also:February 1907; Austrian See also:official history of See also:Prince See also:Eugene's campaigns, &c.; de la Barre Duparcq, Hist. milit. de la Prusse avant 1756 (Paris, 1857); See also:Marsigli, L'Etat militaire de temp. See also:ottoman (1732); Prussian Staff History of the Silesian wars; C. von B(inder)-K(rieglstein), Geist and Stoff im Kriege (Vienna, 1895) ; E. d'Hauterive, L'Armie sous la Revolution (Paris, 1894); C. Rousset, Les Volontaires de 1791–1704; See also:Michelet, Les Soldats de la Revolution (Paris, 1878); publications of the French general staff on the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; H. Bonnal, Esprit de la guerre moderne (a series of studies in military history, 1805–1870); Paimblant du Rouil, La See also:Division Durutte, les Refractaires, also supplement, M.W.B., 1890; " The French See also:Conscription" (suppl. M.W.B., 1892); C. V. der Goltz, Von See also:Rossbach bis See also:Jena and Auerslddt (a new edition of the See also:original Rossbach and Jena, Berlin, 1883) ; German General Staff Monograph, No. io; M.W.B. supplements of 1845, 1846, 1847, 1854, 1855,1856, 1857, 1858, 1862, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1887; v. See also:Duncker, Preussen weihrend der See also:franz. Okkupation (1872) ; Archives of Prussian war See also:ministry, publications of 1892 and 1896; histories of the wars of 1866 and 187o; V. Chareton, Comme la Prusse a prepare sa revanche, 1806–1813 ; Reports of See also:Col. Baron Stoffel, French' attache at Berlin (translation into English, War Office, London) ; See also:Haxthausen, Les Forces militaires de la Prusse (Paris, 1853) ; de la Barre Duparcq, Etudes historiques ginerales et militaires sur la Prusse (Paris, 1854) Paixhans, Constitution militaire de la France (Paris, 1849); Duc d'See also:Aumale, Les Institutions militaires de la France (Paris, 1867) ; C. v. See also:Decker, fiber die Personlichkeit' des preussischen Soldaten (Berlin, 1842) ; War Office, Army See also:Book of the British Empire (London, 1893) ; M.

Jahns, Das franzosische Heer von der grossen Revolution bis zur Gegenwart (Leipzig, 1873) ; Baron Kaulbars, The German Army (in See also:

Russian) [St See also:Petersburg, 189o] ; Die Schweiz im 10, Jahrhundert (Berne and See also:Lausanne, 1899) ; Heimann, L'Armee See also:allemande (Paris, 1895) ; R. de l'Homme de Courbiere, Grundzuge der deutschen Militarverwaltung (Berlin, 1882) ; G. F. R. See also:Henderson, The Science of War (London, 1905) ; J. W. See also:Fortescue, History of the British Army (London, 1899– ); R. de 1'Homme de Courbiere, Gesch. der brandenburg-preussisch. Heeresverfassung (Berlin, 1852); Krippentagel and Kustel, Die preuss. Armee von der dltesten Zeit bas zur Gegenwart (Berlin, 1883) ; Gansauge, Das brandenbg.-preuss. Kriegs wesen,144o,1640,174o(Berlin, 1839); A.v.Boguslawksi,Die See also:Landwehr, 1813–1893 (1893); A. R. v. Sichart, Gesch. d. k. hannover. Armee (See also:Hanover, 1866) ; v.

Reitzenstein, Die k. hannover. Kavallerie, 1631–1866 (1892) ; Schlee, Zur Gesch. des hessischen Kriegswesens(Kassel, 1867) ; Leichtlen, Badens Kriegsverfassung (Carlsruhe, 1815); v. Stadlinger, Gesch. des wurttembergischen Kriegswesens (Stuttgart, 1858); See also:

Munich, Entwickelung der bayerischen Armee (Munich, 1864); official Gesch. d. k. bayer. Armee (Munich, 1901 onward); Wurdinger, Kriegsgeschichte v. Bayern (Munich, 1868); H. Meynert, Gesch. des osterr. Kriegswesens (Vienna, 1852), Kriegswesen Ungarns (Vienna, 1876) ; Anger, Gesch. der K.-K. Armee (Vienna, -1886) ; Beitrage zur Gesch. des osterr. Heerwesens, 1754–1814 (Vienna, 1872) ; R. v. Ottenfeld and Teuber, Die osterr. Armee, 1700–1867 (Vienna, 1895) ; v. See also:Wrede, Gesch. d.

K. u. K. Wehrmacht (Vienna, 1902) ; May de Rainmoter, Histoire militaire de la .Suisse (Lausanne, 1788) ; Cusachs y Barado, La See also:

Vida Militar en Espana (See also:Barcelona, 1888) ; Guillaume, Hist. de l'infanterie wallonne sous la maison d'Espagne (Brussels, 1876) ; A. Vitu, Histoire civile de l'armee (Paris, 1868) ; A. See also:Pascal, Hist. de l'arme'e (Paris, 1847) ; L. See also:Jablonski, L'Armie francaise d travers les ages; C. Romagny, Hist. generate de l'armee nationale (Paris, 1893); E. Simond, Hist. mil. de la France; Susane, Hist. de l'infanterie, cavalerie, artillerie francaises (Paris, 1874); Pere See also:Daniel, Hist. des milices francaises (1721) ; the official Historique des See also:corps de troupe (Paris, 1900- -) ; Cahu, Le Soldat See also:francais (Paris, 1876) ; J. Molard, Cent ans de l'armee franfaise, 1789–1880 (Paris, 1890) ; v. See also:Stein, Lehre vom Heerwesen (Stuttgart, 1872) ; du See also:Verger de S. See also:Thomas, L'Italie et son armee, 1865 (Paris, 1866) ; " C. Martel," Military Italy (London, 1884) ; See also:Sir R.

Biddulph, See also:

Lord See also:Cardwell at the War Office (London, 1904) ; See also:Willoughby Verner, Military Life of the See also:Duke of See also:Cambridge (London, 1905); W. H. Daniel, The Military Forces of the See also:Crown (London, 1902); War Office, See also:Annual See also:Report of the British Army; See also:Broome, Rise and Progress of the See also:Bengal Army (See also:Calcutta, 185o); W. J. See also:Wilson, Hist. o the See also:Madras Army (London, 1882–188; C. M. Clode, Military Forces of the Crown; Blume, Die Grundlage unserer Wehrkraft (Berlin, 1899); See also:Spenser See also:Wilkinson, The See also:Brain of an Army (London, 1890 and 1895); v. Olberg, Die franzosische Armee im Exerzirplatz and im Felde (Berlin, 1861) ; Die Heere and Flotte der Gegenwart, ed. Zepelin (Berlin, 1896) ; Molard, Puissances militaires de l'Europe (Paris, 1895) ; works of See also:Montecucculi, Puysegur, See also:Vauban, Feuquieres, See also:Guibert, " See also:Folard, See also:Guichard, Joly de Maizeroy, See also:Frederick the Great, Marshal See also:Saxe, the prince de Ligne, Napoleon, See also:Carnot, See also:Scharnhorst, See also:Clausewitz, Napoleon III., See also:Moltke, See also:Hamley, &c. The See also:principal general military See also:periodicals are:—English,See also:Journal of the R. United Service Institution; United States, Journal of the Military Service Institution; French, Revue d'histoire and Revue des armies etrangeres (general staff) ; See also:Rau and Lauth, L'Etat militaire des puissances (about every 4 years) ; Revue militaire generale, founded in 1907 by General See also:Langlois; Aimanach du drapeau (a popular aide-memoire published annually) ; German, the Vierteljahrsheft of the general staff : Militdr-Wochenblatt (referred to above as M.W.B.—the supplements are of great value) ; von Lobell's Jahresberichte (annual detailed reports on the state, &c., of all armies —an English precis appears annually in the Journal of the R.U.S. Institution) ; Austrian, Streffleurs ost.

Militar - Zeitschrift, with which was amalgamated (1907) the Organ d. militarwissenschaft. Vereins. The British War Office issues from time to time handbooks dealing with foreign armies, and, quarterly since See also:

April 1907, a critical See also:review and bibliography of See also:recent military literature in the principal See also:languages, under the name of Recent Publications of Military See also:Interest. (C. F.

End of Article: MINOR

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