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PERIODICALS

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Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 154 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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PERIODICALS , a See also:

general See also:term for See also:literary publications which appear in See also:numbers, or parts at See also:regular intervals of See also:time—as a See also:rule, weekly, monthly or quarterly. The term strictly includes "See also:newspapers" (q.v.), but in the narrower sense usually intended it is distinguished as a convenient expression for periodical publications which differ from newspapers in not being primarily for the circulation of See also:news or See also:information of ephemeral See also:interest, and in being issued at longer intervals. In See also:modern times the weekly See also:journal has become so much of the nature of a newspaper that it seldom can be called a periodical in this sense. The See also:present See also:article chiefly deals with publications devoted to general literature, literary and See also:critical reviews and magazines for the See also:supply of See also:miscellaneous See also:reading. In the article See also:SOCIETIES (q.v.) an See also:account is separately given of the transactions and proceedings of learned and scientific bodies. See also:Year-books, almanacs, directories and other annuals belong to a distinct type of publication, and are not referred to here. See also:BRITISH The first literary periodical in See also:English was the Mercurius librarius, or a Faithful Account of all Books and See also:Pamphlets (168o), a See also:mere See also:catalogue, published weekly or fortnightly in See also:London, followed by Weekly Memorials for the Ingenious (See also:Jan. 16, 1681–1682 to Jan. 15, 1683), which was more of the type of the Journal See also:des Savants (see under See also:FRANCE below), whence it borrowed many contributions. Of the See also:History of Learning (1691)—another with the same See also:title came out in 1694—only a few numbers appeared, as the conductor, De la Crose, started the monthly See also:Works of the Learned (Aug. 1691 to See also:April 1692), devoted principally to See also:continental scholarship. The monthly Compleal Library (1692 to 1694) was a venture of See also:John See also:Dunton; the monthly See also:Memoirs for the Ingenious (1693), edited by J. de la Crose, ran for 12 months, and another with the same title appeared in the following year, only to enjoy a briefer career.

The first periodical of merit and See also:

influence was the History of the Works of the Learned (1699–1712), largely consisting of descriptions of See also:foreign books. The Memoirs of Literature, the first English See also:review consisting entirely of See also:original See also:matter, published in London from 1710 to 1714, had for editor See also:Michel de la See also:Roche, a See also:French Protestantrefugee, who also edited at See also:Amsterdam the Bibliotheque angloise (1717–1719), and subsequently Memoires litteraires de la Grande Bretagne (172o-1724). Returning to See also:England in 1725, he recommenced his New Memoirs of Literature (1725–1728), a monthly, and in 1730 a Literary Journal. Dr See also:Samuel See also:Jebb started Bibliotheca literaria (1722-1724), to appear every two months, which dealt with medals and antiquities as well as with literature, but only ten numbers appeared. The Present See also:State of the Republick of Letters was commenced by See also:Andrew See also:Reid in See also:January 1728, and completed in See also:December 1736. It contained not only excellent reviews of English books but papers from the works of foreigners. Two volumes came out each year. It was successful, as also was the Historia literaria (1730-1734) of See also:Archibald See also:Bower.' The See also:Bee, or Universal Weekly Pamphlet (1733–1735) of the unfortunate Eustace See also:Budgell, and the Literary See also:Magazine (1735–1736), with which See also:Ephraim See also:Chambers had much to do, were See also:short-lived. The last named was continued in 1737 as the History of the Works of the Learned, and was carried on without intermission until 1743, when its See also:place was taken by A Literary Journal (See also:Dublin, 1744–1749), the first review published in See also:Ireland. The Museum (1746) of R. See also:Dodsley See also:united the See also:character of a review of books with that of a literary magazine. It came out fortnightly to the 12th of See also:September 1747.

Although England can show nothing like the Journal des savants, which has flourished almost without a break for two and a See also:

half centuries, a nearly See also:complete See also:series of reviews of English literature may be made up from 1681 to the present See also:day. After the See also:close of the first See also:quarter of the 18th See also:century the literary periodical began to assume more of the See also:style of the modern review, and in 1749 the title and the See also:chief features were united in the Monthly Review, established by See also:Ralph Griffiths,' who conducted it until 1803, whence it was edited by his son down to 1825. It came to an end in 1845. From its commencement the Review dealt with See also:science and literature, as well as with literary See also:criticism. It was Whig in politics and See also:Nonconformist in See also:theology. The first series ran from 1749 to December 1789, 81 vols.; the second from 1790 to 1815, Io8 vols. ; the third or new series from 1826 to 183o, 15 vols. ; and the See also:fourth from 1831 to 1845, 45 vols., when the magazine stopped. There is a general See also:index (1749–1789) 3 vols., and another (1790-1816), 2 vols. The Tory party and the established See also:church were defended in the Critical Review (1756–1817), founded by Archibald See also:Hamilton and supported by See also:Smollett, Dr See also:Johnson and See also:Robertson. Johnson contributed to fifteen numbers of the Literary Magazine (1756–1758). The reviews rapidly increased in number towards the end of the century.

Among the See also:

principal were the London Review (1775–1780), A New Review (1782–1786), the English Review (1783–1796), incorporated in 1797 with the See also:Analytical Review (1788–1799), the See also:Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine (1798–1821), and the British Critic (1793–1843), the See also:organ of the High Church party, and first edited by See also:Archdeacon See also:Nares and Beloe. These periodicals had now become extremely numerous, and many of the leading London publishers found it convenient to maintain their own particular See also:organs. It is not a Quarterlies. matter of surprise, therefore, that the authority of the reviews should have fallen somewhat in public estimation. The time was ripe for one which should be quite See also:independent of the booksellers, and which should also aim at a higher See also:standard of excellence. As far back as 1755 See also:Adam See also:Smith, See also:Blair and others had produced an See also:Edinburgh Review which only ran to two numbers, and in 1773 See also:Gilbert See also:Stuart and See also:William Smellie issued during three years an Edinburgh Magazine and Review. To Edinburgh is also due the first high-class critical journal, the Edinburgh Review, established in See also:October 1802 by See also:Jeffrey, See also:Scott, See also:Horner, See also:Brougham and See also:Sydney Smith. It created a new era in periodical criticism, and assumed from the commencement a wider range and more elevated See also:tone than any of its predecessors. The first editor was Sydney Smith, then Jeffrey for many years, and later editors were Macvey See also:Napier, William See also:Empson, See also:Sir G. C. See also:Lewis, See also:Henry See also:Reeve and the Hon. See also:Arthur Elliot.

Its See also:

buff and See also:blue See also:cover was adopted from the See also:colours of the Whig party whose See also:political principles it advocated. Among its more famous contributors were See also:Lord Brougham, Sir See also:Walter Scott, See also:Carlyle, See also:Hazlitt and See also:Macaulay. Scott, being dissatisfied with the new review, persuaded John See also:Murray, his London publisher, to start its brilliant Tory competitor, the Quarterly Review (Feb. 1809), first edited by William See also:Gifford, then by Sir J. T. See also:Coleridge, and subsequently by J. G. See also:Lockhart, Rev. Whitwell Elwin, W. M. See also:Macpherson, Sir Wm. Smith, See also:Rowland Prothero and G.

W. Prothero. Among the contributors in successive years were See also:

Canning, Scott (who reviewed himself), See also:Robert See also:Southey, ' Archibald Bower (1686–1766) was educated at See also:Douai, and became a Jesuit. He subsequently professed himself a convert to the See also:Anglican Church, and published a number of works, but was more esteemed for his ability than for his moral character. 2 The biographers of See also:Goldsmith have made us See also:familiar with the name of Griffiths (1720-1803), the prosperous publisher, with his diploma of LL.D. granted by an See also:American university, and with the quarrels between him and the poet. 152 Sir John See also:Barrow, J. See also:Wilson See also:Croker, See also:Isaac Disraeli, A. W. See also:Kinglake, Lord See also:Salisbury and W. E. See also:Gladstone.' The See also:Westminster Review (1824), established by the followers of See also:Jeremy See also:Bentham, advocated See also:radical reforms in church, state and legislation. In 1836 it was joined to the London Review (1829), founded by Sir William Moles-See also:worth, and then See also:bore the name of the London and Westminster Review till 1851, when it returned to the original title.

Other quarterly reviews worth mentioning are the Eclectic Review (1805–1868), edited down to 1834 by See also:

Josiah See also:Conder (1789–1855) and supported by the Dissenters; the British Review (1811–1825; the See also:Christian See also:Remembrancer (1819–1868); the Retrospective Review (182o–1826, 1828, 1853–1854), for old books; the Foreign Quarterly Review (1827–1846), afterwards incorporated with the Westminster; the Foreign Review (1828–1829); the Dublin Review (1836), a See also:Roman See also:Catholic organ; the Foreign and Colonial Quarterly Review (1843--1847) ; the Prospective Review (1845–1855), given up to theology and literature, previously the Christian Teacher (1835–1844); the See also:North British Review (1844–1871); the British Quarterly Review (1845), successor to the British and Foreign Review (1835–1844); the New Quarterly Review (1852–1861), the Scottish Review (1853–1862), published at See also:Glasgow; the Wesleyan London Quarterly Review (1853– ); the See also:National Review (1855–1864); the See also:Diplomatic Review (1855–1881); the Irish Quarterly Review (1851–1859), brought out in Dublin; the See also:Home and Foreign Review (1862–1864); the See also:Fine Arts Quarterly Review (1863–1865); the New Quarterly Magazine (1873–188o) ; the Catholic See also:Union Review (1863–1874) ; the Anglican Church Quarterly Review (1875) ; Mind (1876), dealing with See also:mental See also:philosophy; the Modern Review (188o–1884); the Scottish Review (1882) ; the See also:Asiatic Quarterly Review (1886; since 1891 the Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review) ; and the Jewish Quarterly Review. The monthly reviews include the Christian Observer (1802–1857), conducted by members of the established church upon evangelical principles, with Zachary Macaulay as the first editor; Monthlies. and the Monthly Repository (1806–1837), originally purely theological, but after coming into the hands of the Rev. W. J. See also:Fox made entirely literary and political. The Fortnightly Review (1865), edited successively by G. H. See also:Lewes, John See also:Morley, T. H. S. Escott, See also:Frank See also:Harris, See also:Oswald See also:Crawfurd and W. L.

See also:

Courtney, was intended as a See also:kind of English Revue des deux mondes. Since 1866 it has appeared monthly. The Contemporary Review (1866), See also:long edited by Sir See also:Percy See also:Bunting, and the Nineteenth Century (1877), founded and edited by Sir See also:James See also:Knowles (q.v.), and renamed Nineteenth Century and After in 1900, are similar in character, consisting of signed articles by men of See also:mark of all opinions upon questions of the day. The National Review (1883), edited successively by See also:Alfred See also:Austin, W. See also:Earl See also:Hodgson, and L. J. Maxse, is alone in taking editorially a pronounced party See also:line in politics as a Conservative organ. Modern Thought (1879–1884), for the See also:free discussion of political, religious and social subjects, and the Modern Review (1892–1894) may also be mentioned. Other monthlies are the See also:Indian Magazine (1871); the Irish Monthly (Dublin, 1873); the Gaelic Journal (Dublin, 1882); the See also:African Review (1892) and the See also:Empire Review (1900). The Monthly Review (19o0–19o8), edited till 1904 by Henry See also:Newbolt, was for some years a notable addition to the high class literary monthlies. The weekly reviews dealing generally with literature, science and See also:art are the Literary See also:Gazette (1817–1862), first edited by William See also:Jerdan; the See also:Athenaeum (1828), founded by fames See also:Silk Weeklies. See also:Buckingham, but successfully established by C.

W. See also:

Dilke, and long edited in later years by See also:Norman See also:MacColl (1843–1904), and afterwards by Mr See also:Vernon Rendall; and the See also:Academy (1869). Among those which also include political and social topics, and are more particularly dealt with under NEWSPAPERS, may be mentioned, the Examiner (i8o8–i881), the Spectator (1828), the Saturday Review (1855), the Scots or National Observer (1888–1897), Outlook (1898), See also:Pilot (1900-1903), and See also:Speaker (1890), which became the Nation. Soon after the introduction of the literary journal in England, one of a more familiar tone was started by the See also:eccentric John Dunton in the Athenian Gazette, or Casuistical See also:Mercury, resolving all the most See also:Nice and Curious Questions (1689–1690 to 1695–1696), afterwards called The Athenian Mercury, a kind of forerunner of Notes and Queries, being a See also:penny weekly See also:sheet, with a quarterly critical supplement. In the last See also:part the publisher announces that it will be continued " as soon as ever the glut of news is a little over." Dunton was assisted by See also:Richard Sault and Samuel See also:Wesley. See also:Defoe's Review (1704–1713) dealt chiefly with politics and See also:commerce, but the introduction in it of what its editor fittingly termed the "scandalous See also:club " was another step nearer the papers of See also:Steele and the periodical essayists, the first attempts to create an organized popular See also:opinion in matters of See also:taste and See also:manners. These little papers, rapidly thrown off for a temporary purpose, were destined to See also:form a very important ' The See also:Centenary of the Edinburgh Review was celebrated in an article in October 1902, and that of the Quarterly Review in two articles April and See also:July 1909. See also On the Authorship of the First See also:Hundred Numbers of the Edinburgh Review (1895), by W. A. Copinger, and The First Edinburgh Reviewers in Literary Studies (1879), vol. i., by W. See also:Bagehot.part of the literature of the 18th century, and in some respects its most marked feature. Although the frequenters of the clubs and See also:coffee-houses were the persons for whom the See also:essay-papers were mainly written, a See also:proof of the increasing refinement of the See also:age is to be found in the fact that now for the first time were See also:women specially addressed as part of the reading public.

The Taller .was commenced by Richard Steele in 1709, and Tatter, &c. issued thrice a See also:

week until 1711. The See also:idea was at once extremely popular, and a dozen similar papers were started within the year, at least one half bearing colourable imitations of the title. See also:Addison contributed to the Taller, and together with Steele established and carried on the Spectator (1710–1714), and subsequently the See also:Guardian (1713). The newspaper tax enforced in 1712 dealt a hard See also:blow at these. Before this time the daily issue of the Spectator had reached 3000 copies; it then See also:fell to 1600; the See also:price was raised from a penny to twopence, but the See also:paper came to an end in 1714. Dr See also:Drake (Essays illustr. of the Rambler, &c., ii. 490) See also:drew up an imperfect See also:list of the essayists, and reckoned that from the Taller to Johnson's Rambler, during a See also:period of See also:forty-one years, 106 papers of this description were published. Dr Drake continued the list down to 1809, and described altogether 221 which had appeared within a hundred years. The following is a list of the most consider-able, with their See also:dates, founders and chief contributors: Taller (April 12, 1709 to Jan. 2, 1710–1711), Steele, Addison, See also:Swift, See also:Hughes, &c. ; Spectator (See also:March 1, 1710–1711 to Dec. 20, 1714), Addison, Steele, Budgell, Hughes, See also:Grove, See also:Pope, See also:Parnell, Swift, &c.; Guardian (March 12, 1713 to Oct.

1, 1713), Steele, Addison, See also:

Berkeley, Pope, See also:Tickell, Budgell, &c.; Rambler (March 20, 1750 to March 14, 1752), Johnson; Adventurer (Nov. 7, 1752 to March 9, 1754), See also:Hawkesworth, Johnson, See also:Bathurst, See also:Warton, See also:Chapone; See also:World (Jan. 4, 1753 to Dec. 30, 1756), E. See also:Moore, earl of See also:Chesterfield, R. O. See also:Cambridge, earl of See also:Orford, Soame See also:Jenyns, &c.; Connoisseur (Jan. 31, 1754 to See also:Sept. 30, 1756), See also:Colman, See also:Thornton, Warton, earl of See also:Cork, &c.; Idler (April 15, 1758 to Aprils, 1760), Johnson, Sir J. See also:Reynolds and Bennet See also:Langton; Bee (Oct. 6, 1759 to Nov. 24, 1759), O.

Goldsmith; See also:

Mirror (Jan. 23, 1779 to May 27, 1780), See also:Mackenzie, See also:Craig, See also:Abercromby, Home, See also:Bannatyne, &c.; Lounger (Feb. 5, 1785 to Jan. 6, 1787), Mackenzie, Craig, Abercromby, See also:Tytler; Observer (1785 to 1790), See also:Cumberland; Looker-on (March 10, 1792 to Feb. 1, 1794), W. See also:Roberts, See also:Beresford, See also:Chalmers. As from the " pamphlet of news " arose the weekly paper wholly devoted to the circulation of news, so from the general newspaper was specialized the weekly or monthly review of litera- See also:ture, Modern antiquities and science, which, when it included Maderines. essay-papers, made up the magazine or miscellaneous repository of matter for information and amusement. Several monthly publications had come into existence since 1681, but perhaps the first germ of the magazine is to be found in the See also:Gentleman's Journal (1691–1694) of See also:Peter Motteux, which, besides. the news of the See also:month, contained miscellaneous See also:prose and See also:poetry. Dr Samuel Jebb included antiquarian notices as well as literary reviews in his Bibliotheca literaria (1722–1724), previously mentioned, but the Gentleman's Magazine, founded in 1731, fully established, through the tact and See also:energy of the publisher See also:Edward See also:Cave (q.v.), the type of the magazine, from that time so marked a feature of English periodical literature. The first idea is due to Motteux, from whom the title, See also:motto and general See also:plan were borrowed. The chief feature in the new venture at first consisted of the See also:analysis of the See also:journals, which Cave undertook personally.

Prizes were offered for poetry. In April 1732 the leading See also:

metropolitan publishers, jealous of the interloper Cave, started the London Magazine, or Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer (1732–1784), which had a long and prosperous career. The new magazine closely copied Cave's title, plan and aspect, and See also:bitter See also:war was long waged between the two. The rivalry was not without benefit to the literary public, as the conductors of each used every effort to improve their own review. Cave introduced the practice of giving engravings, maps and portraits, but his greatest success was the addition of Samuel Johnson . (q.v.) to the regular See also:staff. This took place in 1738, when the latter wrote the See also:preface to the See also:volume for that year, observing that the magazine had " given rise to almost twenty imitations of it, which are either all dead or very little regarded. The plan was also imitated in See also:Denmark, See also:Sweden and See also:Germany. The Gentleman's Magazine was continued by Cave's See also:brother-in-See also:law, See also:David Henry, afterwards by John See also:Nichols and his son.' Cave appears to have been the first 2 The first series of the Gentleman's Magazine or Trader's Monthly Intelligencer, extended from January 1731 to December 1735, 5 vols.; the Gentleman's Magazine and See also:Historical See also:Chronicle from January 1736 to December 1807, vols. 6–77; new series, January 1808 to December 1833, vols. 78–103; new series, 1834–1856, 45 vols.; new (third) series, 1856–1865, 19 vols. ; new (fourth) series, 1866–1868, 5 vols.

A general index to the first twenty vols. appeared in 1753. S. See also:

Ayscough brought out an index to the first fifty-six vols., 1731–1786 (1789), 2 vols., and one by J. Nichols, 1787–1818 (1821), 2 vols. A complete list of the plates and woodcuts (1731–1813) was published in 1814, and another list (1731–1818), in 1821. The Gentleman's Magazine Library, being a classified collection of the chief contents of the Gentleman's Magazine, from 1731 to 1868, is now being edited by Mr G. L. Gomme (1883, &c., vols. 1–17). See also:adoption of similar departments in a See also:great number of newspapers and periodicals, and, besides several imitators in England, there are now parallel journals in See also:Holland, France, and See also:Italy. See also:Shilling monthlies began with See also:Macmillan (1859), the Cornhill (186o), first edited by See also:Thackeray, and See also:Temple See also:Bar (186o). St James's Magazine (1861), Belgravia (1866), St See also:Paul's (1867-1874), London Society (1862), and Tinsley's (1867) were devoted chiefly to novels and See also:light reading.

Sixpenny illustrated magazines commenced with See also:

Good Words (186o) and the See also:Quiver (1861), both religious in tendency. In 1882 See also:Fraser changed its name to Longman's Magazine, and was popularized and reduced to sixpence. The Cornhill followed the same example in 1883, reducing its price to sixpence and devoting its pages to light reading. The English Illustrated Magazine (1883) was brought out in competition with the American Harper's and Century. The See also:Pall Mall Magazine followed in 1893. Of the See also:artistic periodicals we may signalize the Art Journal (1849), See also:Portfolio (187o), Magazine of Art (1878-1904), Studio (1893), Connoisseur (1901), and See also:Burlington (1903). The Bookman (1886), for a See also:combination of popular and literary qualities, and the See also:Badminton (1895), for See also:sport, also deserve mention. One of the most characteristic developments of later journalism was the See also:establishment in 1890 of the Review of Reviews by W. T. See also:Stead. Meanwhile the number of cheap periodicals increased enormously, such as the weekly Tit-bits (1881), and Answers (1888), and profusely illustrated magazines appeared, like the Strand (1891), See also:Pearson's (1896), or See also:Windsor (1895). Professions and trades now have not only their general class-periodicals, but a See also:special review or magazine for every See also:section.

In 1910 the magazines and reviews published in the United See also:

Kingdom numbered 2795. Religious periodicals were 668; 338 were devoted to See also:trade; 361 to sport; 691 represented the professional classes ; 51 See also:agriculture ; and 218 were juvenile periodicals. The London monthlies were 797 and the quarterlies 155. Indexes to English Periodicals.—A large number of periodicals do not preserve literary matter of permanent value, but the high-class reviews and the archaeological, artistic and scientific magazines contain a great See also:mass of valuable facts, so that general and special indexes have become necessary to all literary workers. Lists of the See also:separate indexes to particular series are given in H. B. See also:Wheatley's What is an Index? (1879), W. P. Courtney's See also:Register of National Bibliography (1905, 2 vols.), and the List of Books forming the Reference Library in the reading See also:room of the British Museum (4th ed. 1910, 2 vols). to use the word magazine in the sense of a periodical of miscellaneous literature.

The specially antiquarian, See also:

biographical and historical features, which make this magazine so valuable a See also:store-See also:house for information for the period it covers, were dropped in 1868, when an " entirely new series," a See also:miscellany of light literature was successively edited by Gowing, See also:Joseph See also:Hatton and Joseph See also:Knight. Many other magazines.were produced in consequence of the success of these two. It will be sufficient to mention the following: The Scots Magazine (1739-1817) was the first published in See also:Scotland; from 1817 to 1826 it was styled the Edinburgh Magazine. The Universal Magazine (1747) had a short, if brilliant, career; but the See also:European Magazine, founded by James See also:Perry in 1782, lasted down to 1826. Of more importance than these, or than the Royal Magazine (1759-1771) was the Monthly Magazine (1796-1843), with which See also:Priestley and See also:Godwin were originally connected. During See also:thirty years the Monthly was conducted by Sir Richard See also:Phillips, under whom it became more statistical and. scientific than literary. Class magazines were represented by the Edinburgh See also:Farmer'.s Magazine (1800-1825) and the Philosophical Magazine (1798), established in London by See also:Alexander Tilloch; the latter at first consisted chiefly of See also:translations of scientific articles from the French. The following periodicals, all of which date from the 18th century, are still published: the See also:Gospel Magazine (1766, with which is incorporated the British See also:Protestant), the Wesleyan Methodist Magazine (1778), See also:Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1786), Evangelical Magazine (1793; since 1905 the Evangelical British Missionary), the Philosophical Magazine (1798), now known as the London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine. The increased influence of this class of periodical upon public opinion was first apparent in See also:Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, founded in 1817 by the publisher of that name, and carried to a high degree of excellence by the contributions of Scott, Lockhart, See also:Hogg, See also:Maginn, See also:Syme and John Wilson (" See also:Christopher North "), John See also:Galt and Samuel See also:Warren. It has always remained Liberal in literature and Conservative in politics. The New Monthly Magazine is somewhat earlier in date. It was founded in 1814 by the London publisher, See also:Colburn, and was edited in turn by See also:Campbell, See also:Theodore See also:Hook, Bulwer-See also:Lytton and See also:Ainsworth.

Many of Carlyle's and Thackeray's pieces first appeared in Fraser's Magazine (183o), long famous for its personalities and its See also:

gallery of literary portraits. The Metropolitan Magazine was started in opposition to Fraser, and was first edited by Campbell, who had See also:left its See also:rival. It subsequently came into the hands of See also:Captain Marryatt, who printed in it many of his See also:sea-tales. The British Magazine (1832-1849) included religious and ecclesiastical information. From Ireland came the Dublin University Magazine (1833). The regular price of these magazines was half a See also:crown; the first of the cheaper ones was See also:Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (1832-1861) at a shilling. It was Radical in politics, and had See also:Roebuck as one of its founders. See also:Bentley's Miscellany (1837-1868) was exclusively devoted to novels, light literature and travels. Several of Ainsworth's romances, illustrated by See also:Cruikshank, first saw the light in Bentley. The Nautical Magazine (1832) was addressed specially to sailors, and Colburn's United Service Journal (1829) to both services. The Asiatic Journal (1816) dealt with See also:Oriental subjects. From 1815 to 182o a number of See also:low-priced and unwholesome periodicals flourished.

The Mirror (1823-1849), a two-penny Cheat) Pub-illustrated magazine, begun by John Limbird, and as. the See also:

Mechanics Magazine (1823) were steps in a better direction. The political agitation of 1831 led to a further popular demand, and a supply of cheap and healthy serials for the reading multitude commenced with Chambers's Journal (1832), the Penny Magazine (1832-1845) of See also:Charles Knight, and the Saturday Magazine (1832-1844), begun by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The first was published at 1Id. and the last two at Id. Knight secured the best authors and artists of the day to write for and illustrate his magazine, which, though at first a commercial success, may have had the See also:reason of its subsequent discontinuance in its literary excellence. At the end of 1832 it had reached a See also:sale of 200,000 in weekly numbers and monthly parts. It came to an end in 1845 and was succeeded by Knight's Penny Magazine (1845), which was stopped after six monthly parts. These periodicals were followed by a number of penny weeklies of a See also:lower tone, such as the See also:Family See also:Herald (1843), the London Journal (1845) and See also:Lloyd's Miscellany. In 1850 the sale of the first of them was placed at 175,000 copies, the second at 170,000, and Lloyd's at 95,000. In 1846 fourteen penny and three half-penny magazines, twelve social journals, and thirty-seven See also:book-serials were produced every week in London. A further and permanent improvement in cheap weeklies for home reading may be traced from the See also:foundation of Howitt's journal (1847-1849), and more especially See also:Household Words (185o), conducted by Charles See also:Dickens, All the Year See also:Round (1859), by the same editor, and afterwards by his son, Once A Week (1859), and the Leisure See also:Hour (1852). The plan of Notes and Queries (1849), for the purpose of inter-communication among those interested in special points of literary and antiquarian character, has led to the r John Limbird, to whom even before Chambers or Knight is due the carrying out the idea of a cheap and good periodical for the See also:people, died on the 31st of October 1883, without having achieved the worldly prosperity of his two followers.

End of Article: PERIODICALS

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