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objects they had in view were the establishing of " a well-regulated school or academy of design for the use of students in the arts, and an See also:

ANNUAL

annual exhibition open to all artists of distinguished merit; the profit arising from the last of these institutions " would, they thought, " fully See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer all the expenses of the first," and, indeed, leave something over to be distributed " in useful charities." The See also:

king expressed his agreement with the proposal, but asked for further particulars. These were furnished to him on the 7th of See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and approved, and on the loth of December they were submitted in form, and the document embodying them received his See also:

SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature, with the words, " I approve of this See also:

plan; let it be put into See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution." This document, known as the " See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

Instrument," defined under twenty-seven heads the constitution and See also:

government of the Royal Academy, and contained the names of the See also:

THIRTY

thirty-six original members nominated by the king. Changes and modifications in the See also:

LAWS

laws and regulations laid down in it have of course been made, but none of them without the See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

SOVEREIGN

sovereign, and the " Instrument " remains to this day in all essential particulars the Magna Charta of the society. Four days after the See also:

SIGNING

signing of this document—on the 14th of December—twentyeight of the first nominated members met and See also:

drew up the Form of See also:

OBLIGATION

Obligation which is still signed by every academician on receiving his diploma, and also elected a See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, keeper, secretary, See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and visitors in the See also:

SCHOOLS

schools; the professors being chosen at a further See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting held on the 17th. No See also:

time was lost in establishing the schools, and on the and of See also:

JANUARY

January 1769 they were opened at some rooms in See also:

PALL

Pall Mall, a little eastward of the site now occupied by the Junior United Service See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, the president, Sir See also:

JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua See also:

Reynolds, delivering on that occasion the first of his famous " discourses." The opening of the first exhibition at the same See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place followed on the 26th of See also:

APRIL

April.

The king when See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the Academy undertook to See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply out of his own privy See also:

PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse any deficiencies between the receipts derived from the exhibitions and the See also:

EXPENDITURE

expenditure incurred on the schools, charitable donations for artists, &c. For twelve years he was called upon to do so, and contributed in all some-thing over £5000, but in 1781 there was a surplus, and no further See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call has ever been made on the royal purse. George III. also gave the Academy rooms in what was then his own See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

Somerset See also:

House, and the schools and offices were removed there in 1771, but the exhibition continued to be held in Pall Mall, till the completion in 1780 of the new Somerset House, when the Academy took See also:

possession of the apartments in it which the king, on giving up the palace for government offices, had expressly stipulated should be provided. Here it remained till 1837, when the government, requiring the use of these rooms, offered in See also:

EXCHANGE

exchange a portion of the See also:

NATIONAL

National See also:

GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, then just erected in See also:

TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar Square. The offer, which contained no conditions, was accepted. But it was not See also:

long before the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for a further removal became imminent. Already in 185o See also:

NOTICE

notice was given by the government that the rooms occupied by the Academy would be required for the purposes of the National Gallery, and that they proposed to give the Academy £40,000 to provide themselves with a See also:

BUILDING

building elsewhere. The See also:

MATTER

matter slumbered, however, till 1858, when the question was raised in the House of See also:

COMMONS

Commons as to whether it would not be justifiable to turn the Academy out of the National Gallery without making any See also:

pro-See also:

VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision for it elsewhere. Much discussion followed, and a royal See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed in 1863 " to inquire into the See also:

PRESENT

present position of the Royal Academy in relation to the fine arts, and into the circumstances and conditions under which it occupies a portion of the National Gallery, &c." In their See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, which contained a large number of proposals and suggestions, some of them since carried out, the commissioners stated that they had " come to the clear conclusion that the Royal Academy have no legal, but See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat they have a moral claim to apartments at the public expense." Negotiations had been already going on between the government and the Academy for the See also:

APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation to the latter of a portion of the site occupied by the recently See also:

PURCHASED

purchased See also:

BURLINGTON

Burlington House, on which the Academy offered to erect suitable buildings at its own expense. The negotiations were renewed in 1866, and in See also:

March in the following year a See also:

LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease of old Burlington House, and a portion of the See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden behind it, was granted to the Academy for 999 years at a peppercorn See also:

RENT

rent, subject to the See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that " the premises shall be at all times exclusively devoted to the purpose of the cultivation of the fine arts." The Academy immediately proceeded to erect, on the garden portion of the site thus acquired, exhibition galleries and schools, which were opened in 1869, further additions being made in 1884. An upper See also:

STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey was also added to old Burlington House, in which to place the diploma See also:

WORKS

works, the See also:

Gibson statuary and other works of See also:

art. Altogether the Academy, out of its accumulated savings, has spent on these buildings more than £160,000.

They are its own See also:

PROPERTY

property, and are maintained entirely at its expense. The government of the Academy was by the " Instrument " vested in " a president and eight other persons, who shall forma council." Four of these were to retire every year, and the seats were to go by rotation to every academician. The number was increased in 187o to twelve, and reduced to ten in 1875. The rules as to retirement and rotation are still in force. Newly elected academicians begin their two years' service as soon as they have received their diploma. The council has, to quote the "Instrument," " the entire direction and management of the business " of the Academy in all its branches; and also the framing of new laws and regulations, but the latter, before coming into force, must be sanctioned by the See also:

general See also:

ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly and approved by the sovereign. The general assembly consists of the whole See also:

BODY

body of academicians, and meets on certain fixed See also:

DATES

dates and at such other times as the business may require; also at the See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request to the president of any five members. The principal executive See also:

OFFICERS

officers of the Academy are the president, the keeper, the treasurer, the librarian and the secretary, all now elected by the general assembly, subject to the approval of the sovereign. The president is elected annually on the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation day, loth December, but the See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment is virtually for See also:

LIFE

life. No See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change has ever been made in the conditions attached to this See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, with the exception of its being now a salaried instead of an unsalaried See also:

POST

post. The treasurership and librarian-See also:

SHIP

ship, both offices originally held not by See also:

election but by See also:

DIRECT

direct appointment from the sovereign, are now elective, the holders being subject to re-election every five years, and the keepership is also held upon the same terms; while the secretaryship, which up to 1873 had always been filled like the other offices by an academician, has since then been held by a layman. Other officers elected by the general assembly are the auditors (three academicians, one of whom retires every year), the visitors in the schools (academicians and associates), and the professors of painting, sculpture and architecture—who must be members—and of See also:

anatomy and See also:

chemistry.

There are also a registrar, and curators and teachers in the schools, who are appointed by the council. - The thirty-six original academicians were named by George III. Their successors have been elected, up to 1867, by academicians only—since that date by academicians and associates together. The original number was fixed in the " Instrument " at See also:

FORTY

forty, and has so remained. Each academician on his election has to present an approved specimen of his work—called his diploma work—before his diploma is submitted to the sovereign for signature. On receiving his diploma he signs the See also:

Roll of Institution as an academician, and takes his seat in the general assembly. The class of associates, out of whom alone the academicians can be elected, was founded in 1769—they were " to be elected from amongst the exhibitors, and be entitled to every See also:

ADVANTAGE

advantage enjoyed by the royal academicians, excepting that of having a See also:

VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in the deliberations or any See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the government of the Academy." Those exhibitors who wished to be-come candidates had to give in their names at the See also:

close of the exhibition. This condition no longer exists, candidates having since 1867 merely to be proposed and seconded by members of the Academy. On election, they attend at a council meeting to sign the Roll of Institution as an See also:

ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate, and receive a diploma signed by the president and secretary. In 1867 also associates were admitted to See also:

VOTE

vote at all elections of members; in 1868 they were made eligible to serve as visitors in the schools, and .in 1886 to become candidates for the professorships of painting, sculpture and architecture. At first the number of associates was limited to twenty; in 1866 the number was made indefinite with a minimum of twenty, and in 1876 the minimum was raised to thirty. Vacancies in the lists of academicians and associates caused by See also:

DEATH

death or resignation can be filled up at any time within five See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks of the event, except in the months of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, See also:

SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and See also:

OCTOBER

October, but a vacancy in the associate See also:

list caused by election only dates from the day on which the new academician receives his diploma.

The mode of election is the same in both cases, first by marked lists and afterwards by .See also:

BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot. All who at the first marking have four or more votes are marked for again, and the two highest then go to the ballot. Engravers have always constituted a See also:

SEPARATE

separate class, and up to 1855 they were admitted to the associateship only, the number, six, being in addition to the other associates; now the maximum is four, of whom not more than two may be academicians. A class of honorary retired academicians was established in 1862, and of honorary retired associates in 1884. The first honorary See also:

FOREIGN

foreign academicians were elected in 1869. The honorary members consist of a See also:

CHAPLAIN

chaplain, an See also:

ANTIQUARY

antiquary, a secretary for foreign See also:

correspondence, and professors of See also:

ancient See also:

HISTORY

history and ancient literature. These posts, which date from the foundation of the Academy, have always been held by distinguished men. Academy Schools.—One of the most important functions of the Royal Academy, and one which for nearly a See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it discharged alone, was the instruction of students in art. The first See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, as has been shown, of the newly founded Academy was to establish schools —" an See also:

ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

Antique Academy," and a " School for the Living See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

Model " for painters, sculptors and architects. In the first year, 1769, no fewer than seventy-seven students entered. A school of painting was added in 1815, and See also:

SPECIAL

special schools of sculpture and architecture in 1871. It would occupy too much space to follow the various changes that have been made in the schools since their See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment.

In one important respect, however, they remain the same, viz. in the instruction being gratuitous—no fees have ever been charged. Up to the removal of the Academy to its present quarters the schools could not be kept permanently open, as the rooms occupied by them were wanted for the exhibition. They are now open all the year See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round with the exception of a fortnight at See also:

CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas, and the months of August and September. They consist of an antique school, upper and See also:

LOWER

lower schools of painting, a school of See also:

DRAWING

drawing from the life, a school of modelling from the life and an architectural school. Ad-See also:

MISSION

mission is gained by submitting certain specimens of drawing or modelling, and the successful candidates, called probationers, have then to undergo a further test in the schools, on passing which they are admitted as students for three years. At the end of that time they are again examined, and if qualified admitted for a further See also:

TERM

term of two years. These See also:

EXAMINATIONS

examinations are held twice a year, in January and See also:

JULY

July. See also:

FEMALE

Female students were first admitted in 1860. There are many scholarships, money prizes and medals to be gained by the various classes of students during the time of studentship, including travelling studentships of the value of £200 for one year, See also:

gold and See also:

SILVER

silver medals, and prizes varying from £5o to £1o. There are permanent curators and teachers in all the schools, but the principal teaching is done by the visitors, academicians and associates, elected to serve in each school. The See also:

AVERAGE

average cost of maintaining these schools, including salaries, fees, cost of See also:

MODELS

models, prizes, books, See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of building, &c., is from £5000 to £6000 a year, apart from certain scholarships and prizes derived from moneys given or bequeathed for this purpose, such as the See also:

LANDSEER, SIR EDWIN HENRY (1802-1873)

Landseer scholarships, the See also:

Creswick See also:

PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize, the Armitage prizes and the See also:

Turner scholarship and gold See also:

MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal. Charities.—Another of the principal objects to which the profits of the Royal Academy have been devoted has been the See also:

RELIEF

relief of distressed artists and their families.

From the commencement of the institution a fund was set apart for this purpose, and subsequently a further sum was allotted to provide See also:

PENSIONS

pensions for necessitous members of the Academy and their widows. Both these funds were afterwards merged in the general fund, and various changes have from time to time been made in the conditions under which pensions and donations have been granted and in their amount. At the present time pensions not exceeding a certain fixed amount may be given to academicians and associates, sixty years of age, who have retired and whose circumstances show them to be in need, provided the sum given does not make their See also:

TOTAL

total annual income exceed a certain limit, and the same amounts can be given to their widows subject to the same conditions. No pensions are granted without very strict inquiry into the circumstances of the applicant, who is obliged to make a yearly See also:

DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration as to his or her income. The average annual amount of these pensions has been latterly about £2000. Pensions are also given according to the See also:

CIVIL

civil service See also:

scale to certain officers on retirement. It may be stated here that with the exception of these pensions and of salaries and fees for See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official services, no member of the Academy derives any pecuniary benefit from the funds of the institution. Donations to distressed artists who are or have been exhibitors at the Royal Academy, their widows and See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children under twenty-one years of age, are made twice a year in See also:

FEBRUARY

February and August. The maximum amount that can be granted to any one applicant in one donation is £loo, and no one can receive a See also:

grant more than once a year. The average yearly amount thus expended is from £1200 to £1500. ,Jn addition to these charities from its general funds, the Academy administers for the benefit of artists, not members of the Academy, certain other funds which have been bequeathed to it for charitable purposes, viz. the Turner fund, the See also:

COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

Cousins fund, the See also:

Cooke fund, the See also:

Newton See also:

BEQUEST (from 0. Eng. becwethan, to declare or express in words; cf. " quoth ")

bequest and the See also:

Edwards fund (see below). Exhibitions.—The source from which have been derived the funds for carrying on the varied See also:

WORK

work of the Royal Academy, its schools, its charities and general cost of See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and which hasenabled it to spend large sums on building, and provided it with the means of maintaining the buildings, has been the annual exhibitions.

With the exception of the money See also:

LEFT

left by See also:

John Gibson, R.A., some of which was spent in building the gallery containing the statues and bas-reliefs bequeathed by him, these exhibitions have provided the See also:

SOLE (Solea)

sole source of See also:

revenue, all other moneys that have come to the Academy having been either left in See also:

TRUST

trust, or been constituted See also:

TRUSTS

trusts, for certain specific purposes. The first exhibition in 1769 contained 136 works, of which more than one-See also:

HALF

half were contributed by members, and brought in £699: 17: 6. In 1780, the first year in which the receipts exceeded the expenditure, the number of works was 489, of which nearly one-third were by members, and the sum received was £3069: is. This increase continued gradually with fluctuations, and in 1836, the last year at Somerset House, the number of works was 1154, and the receipts were £5179: 19s. No great addition to the number of works exhibited took place at Trafalgar Square, but the receipts steadily See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew, and their careful management enabled the Academy, when the time came for moving, to erect its own buildings and become no longer dependent on the government for a See also:

home. The greater space afforded by the galleries at Burlington House rendered it possible to increase the number of works exhibited, which of See also:

LATE

late years has reached a total of over 2000, while the receipts have also been such as to provide the means for further building, and for a largely increased expenditure of all kinds. It may be noted that the number of works sent for exhibition soon began to exceed the space available. In 1868, the last year at Trafalgar Square, the number sent was 3011. This went on increasing, with occasional fluctuations, at Burlington House, and in the year 1900 it reached the number of 13,462. The annual See also:

winter exhibition of works by old masters and deceased See also:

BRITISH

British artists was begun in 187o. It was never intended to be a source of revenue, but appreciation by the public has so far prevented it from being a cause of loss. The summer exhibition of works by living artists opens on the first See also:

MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday in May, and closes on the first Monday in August.

The winter exhibition of works by deceased artists opens on the first Monday in January, and closes on the second Saturday in March. The galleries containing the diploma works, the Gibson statuary and other works of art are open daily, free. Presidents of the Royal Academy.—Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1768–1792; Benjamin West (resigned), 1792–1805; James See also:

WYATT, JAMES (1746–1813)

Wyatt (president-elect), 1805; Benjamin West (re-elected), 1806–1820; Sir See also:

Thomas See also:

Lawrence, 182o–183o; Sir See also:

Martin See also:

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer See also:

SHEE, SIR MARTIN ARCHER (1770-1850)

Shee, 183o–185o ; Sir See also:

Charles See also:

Lock See also:

EASTLAKE, SIR CHARLES LOCK (1793-1865)

Eastlake, 1850–1865; Sir See also:

Francis Grant, 1866–1878; See also:

Frederick, See also:

Lord See also:

Leighton of Stretton, 1878–1896; Sir John See also:

Everett See also:

MILLAIS, SIR JOHN EVERETT (1829-1896)

Millais, 1896; Sir See also:

EDWARD

Edward John See also:

POYNTER, SIR EDWARD JOHN, BART

Poynter, 1896. The library contains about 7000 volumes, dealing with the history, the theory and the practice of the various branches of the fine arts, some of them of great rarity and value. It is open daily to the students and members, and to other persons on a proper introduction. The trust funds administered by the Royal Academy are: The Turner fund (J. M. W. Turner, R.A.), which provides sixteen annuities of £5o each, for artists of repute not members of the Academy, also a biennial scholarship of £5o and a gold medal for a landscape painting. The See also:

CHANTREY, SIR FRANCIS LEGATT (1782-1841)

Chantrey fund (Sir Francis Chantrey, R.A.), the income of which, paid over by the Chantrey trustees, is spent on pictures and sculpture. (See CHANTREY.) The Creswick fund (Thomas Creswick, R.A.), which provides an annual prize of £30 for a landscape painting in oil. The Cooke fund (E.

W. Cooke, R.A.), which provides two annuities of £35 each for painters not members of the Academy, over sixty years of age and in need. The Landseer fund (Charles Landseer, R.A.), which provides four scholarships of £40 each, two in painting and two in sculpture, tenable for two years, open to students at the end of the first two years of studentship, and given for the best work done during the second year. The Armitage fund (E. Armitage, R.A.), which provides two annual prizes of £30 and £10, for a design in monochrome for a figure picture. The Cousins fund (S. See also:

Cousin, R.A.),which provides seven annuities of £8o each for deserving artists, not members of the Academy, in need of assistance. The Newton bequest (H. C. Newton), which provides an annual sum of £6o for the indigent widow of a painter. The Bizo fund (John Bizo), to be used in the scientific investigation into the nature of See also:

PIGMENTS (Lat. pigmentum, from pingere, to paint)

pigments and varnishes, &c. The Edwards fund (W.

J. Edwards), producing £40 a year for the benefit of poor artists or See also:

ARTISTIC

artistic engravers. The Leighton bequest (Lord Leighton, P.R.A.),received from Mrs Orr and Mrs See also:

MATTHEWS, STANLEY (1824-1889)

Matthews in memory of their See also:

BROTHER

brother, the income from which, about £300, is expended on the decoration of public places and buildings. The literature concerning the Royal Academy consists chiefly of See also:

PAMPHLETS

pamphlets and articles of more or less ephemeral value. More serious works are: William See also:

SANDBY, PAUL (1725-1809)

Sandby, The History of the Royal Academy of Arts (London, 1862) (withdrawn from circulation on a question of See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee on Arts and their Connexion with Manufactures, with the Minutes of See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

Evidence and Appendix (London, 1836) ; Report of the Royal Commission on the Royal Academy, with Minutes of Evidence and Appendix (London, 1863) Martin See also:

ACADIAN

ACADIAN Archer Shee, The Life of Sir M. A. Shee, P.R.A. (London, 1860) ; C. R. See also:

Leslie, R.A., and Tom See also:

Taylor, Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds, P.R.A. (London, 1865) J. E.

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