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CHAPLAIN , strictly one who conducts service in a See also: chapel (q.v.), i.e. a See also:priest or See also:minister without parochial See also:charge who is attached for See also:special duties to a See also:sovereign or his representatives (ambassadors, See also:judges, &c.), to bishops, to the establishments of nobles, &c., to institutions (e.g. See also:parliament, See also:congress, colleges, See also:schools, workhouses, cemeteries), or to the See also:army and the See also:navy. In some cases a See also:parish priest is also appointed to a chaplaincy, butin so far as he is a chaplain he has no parochial duties. Thus a See also:bishop of the See also:English See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church appoints examining chaplains who conduct the examination of candidates for See also:holy orders; such officials generally hold See also:ordinary benefices also. The See also:British sovereign has 36 " Chaplains in Ordinary," who perform service at St See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James's in rotation, as well as " Honorary Chaplains " and " Chaplains of the See also:Household." There are also royal chaplains in See also:Scotland and See also:Ireland. The Scottish chaplains in ordinary are on the same basis as those in See also:England, but the Irish chaplains are attached to the household of the See also:lord-See also:lieutenant. The See also:Indian See also:civil service appoints a number of clergymen of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland. These clergymen are known as Chaplains, and are subject to the same conditions as other civil servants, being eligible for a retiring See also:pension after 23 years of service. Chaplains are also appointed under the See also:foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office to embassies, legations, consulates, &c.
Workhouse chaplains are appointed by overseers and guardians on the direction of the See also:Local See also:Government See also:Board, to which alone such chaplains are responsible. See also:Prison chaplains are appointed by the See also:home secretary.
In the British army there are two kinds of chaplains, permanent and occasional. The former, described as Chaplains to the Forces, hold commissions, serving throughout the See also:empire except in See also:India: they include a Chaplain-See also:General who ranks as a See also:major-general, and four classes of subordinate chaplains who See also:rank respectively as colonels, lieutenant-colonels, majors and captains. There are about too in all. Special chaplains (Acting Chaplains for Temporary Service) may be appointed by a secretary of See also: state under the Army Chaplains See also:Act of 1868 to perform religious service for the army in particular districts. The permanent chaplains may be Church of England, See also:Roman See also:Catholic, or Presbyterian; Wesleyans (if they prefer not to accept commissions) may be appointed Acting Chaplains. The Church of England chaplains See also:report to the chaplain-general, while other chaplains report to the See also:War Office See also:direct. In the navy, chaplains are likewise appointed but do not hold See also:official rank. They must have a special ecclesiastical See also:licence from the See also:archbishop of See also:Canterbury. In 1909 a Chaplains' See also:Department of the Territorial Force was formed; there is no denominational restriction.
In the armies and navies of all See also:Christian countries chaplains are officially appointed, with the single exception of See also:France, where the office was abolished on the separation of Church and State. In the army of the See also:United States of See also:America chaplains are originally appointed by the See also:president, and subsequently are under the authority of the secretary of war, who receives recommendations as regards See also:transfer from department commanders. By act of Congress, approved in See also:April 1904, the See also:establishment of chaplains was fixed at 57 (15 with the rank of major), 12 for the See also:artillery See also:corps and 1 each for the See also:cavalry and See also:infantry regiments. There is no distinction of See also:sect. In the U.S. navy the chaplains are 24 in number, of whom 13 rank as lieutenants, 7 as commanders, 4 as captains.
In the armies of Roman Catholic countries there are elaborate regulations. Where the chaplains are numerous a chaplain-major is generally appointed, but in the See also: absence of special See also:sanction from the See also:pope such officer has no spiritual See also:jurisdiction. Moreover, chaplains must be approved by the ordinary of the locality. In See also:Austria there are Roman Catholic, See also:Greek Church, Jewish and See also:Mahommedan chaplains. The Roman Catholic chaplains are classed as parish priests, curates and assistants, and are subject to an army See also:Vicar Apostolic. In war, at an army headquarters there are a " See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field-See also:rabbi," a " military See also:imam," an evangelical minister, as well as the Roman Catholic See also:hierarchy. By a See also:decree of the Sacred See also:Congregation of Propaganda (May 15, 1906), the archbishop of See also:Westminster is the ecclesiastical See also:superior of all commissioned Roman Catholic chaplains in the British army and navy, and he is empowered to negotiate with the civil authorities concerning appointments.
In See also:Germany, owing to the fact that there are different religions in the different states, there is no See also:uniform See also:system. In See also:Prussia there are two Feldprobste (who are directly under the war minister), one Lutheran, one Roman Catholic. The latter is a titular bishop, and has See also:sole spiritual authority over soldiers. There are also army corps and divisional chaplains of both faiths. See also:Bavaria and See also:Saxony, both Roman Catholic states, have no special spiritual hierarchy; in Bavaria, the archbishop of See also:Munich and Freysing is ex officio bishop of the army.
The origin of the office of capellanus or cappellanus in the See also: medieval church is generally traced (see Du Cange, See also:Gloss. med. et infim. Latin.) to the See also:appointment of persons to See also:watch over the sacred cloak (cap pa or See also:capella) of St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin of See also:Tours, which was preserved as a relic by the See also:French monarchs. In See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of war this cloak was carried with the army in the field, and was kept in a See also:tent which itself came to be known as a cappella or capella. It is also suggested that the capella was simply the tent or See also:canopy which the French See also:kings erected over the See also:altar in the field for the See also:worship of the soldiers. However this may be, the name capellanus was generally applied to those who were in charge of sacred See also:relics: such officials were also known as custodes, martyrarii, cubicularii. Thus we hear of a custos palatinae capellae who was in charge of the See also:palace chapel relics, and guarded them in the field; the See also:chief of these custodes was sometimes called the archicapellanus. From the care of sacred relics preserved in royal chapels, &c. (sacella or capellae), the office of capellanus naturally extended its See also:- SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)
scope until it covered practically that of the See also:modern See also:court chaplain, and was officially recognized by the Church. These clerics became the confessors in royal and See also:noble houses, and were generally chosen from among bishops and other high dignitaries. The See also:arch-chaplain not only received jurisdiction within the royal household, but represented the authority of the monarch in religious matters, and also acquired more general See also:powers. In France the arch-chaplain was See also:grand-See also:almoner, and both in France and in the Holy Roman Empire was also high See also:chancellor of the See also:realm. The office was abolished in France at the Revolution in 1789, revived by See also:Pius IX. in 1857, and again abolished on the fall of the Second Empire.
The Roman Catholic Church also recognizes a class of beneficed chaplains, supported out of " pious See also: foundations " for the specific See also:duty of saying, or arranging for, certain masses, or taking See also:part in certain services. These chaplains are classified as follows:—Ecclesiastical, if the See also:foundation has been recognized officiallyas a See also:benefice; See also:Lay, if this recognition has not been obtained; See also:Mercenary, if the See also:person who has been entrusted with the duty of performing or procuring the desired celebration is a layman (such persons also are sometimes called " Lay Chaplains ") ; Collative, if it is provided that a bishop shall collate or confer the right to act upon the accepted See also:candidate, who otherwise could not be recognized as an ecclesiastical chaplain. There are elaborate regulations governing the appointment and conduct of these chaplains.
Other classes of chaplains are:—(x) Parochial or See also:Auxiliary Chaplains, appointed either by a parish priest (under a See also:provision authorized by the See also:Council of See also:Trent) or by a bishop to take over certain specified duties which he is unable to perform; (2) Chaplains of Convents, appointed by a bishop: these must be men of mature See also:age, should not be regulars unless See also:secular priests cannot be obtained, and are not generally to be appointed for See also:life; (3) Pontifical Chaplains, some of whom (known as Private Chaplains) assist the pontiff in the celebration of See also:Mass; others attached directly to the pope are honorary private chaplains who occasionally assist the private chaplains, private clerics of the chapel, See also:common chaplains and supernumerary chaplains. The common chaplains were instituted by See also:Alexander VII., and in 1907 were definitely allowed the See also:title " Monsignore " by Pius X.
End of Article: CHAPLAIN
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