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act for another. The obligatio of Roman law arose either from voluntary acts or from circumstances to which legal consequences were annexed. In the former See also:

case it was said to arise ex contractu, from See also:

contract, in the latter quasi ex contractu, ex delicto, or quasi ex delictothat is to say, from See also:

TORT (Fr. for wrong, from Lat. tortus, twisted, participle of torquere)

tort, or from acts or omissions to which the law practically attached the same results as it did to contract or tort. Obligatio was used to denote either end of the legal See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain that bound the parties, the right of the party who could compel fulfilment of the obligatio, the creditor, or the See also:

DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the party who could be compelled to fulfilment, the debitor. In See also:

ENGLISH

English law obligation has only the latter sense. Creditor and debtor have also lost their Roman law signification; they have been narrowed to mean the parties where the obligation is the See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a sum of See also:

MONEY

money. In English law obligation is used in at least four senses—(1) any duty imposed by law; (2) the See also:

SPECIAL

special duty created by a vinculum juris; (3) not the duty, but the See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the duty—that is to say, an See also:

INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument under See also:

seal, otherwise called a See also:

bond; (4) the operative See also:

PART

part of a bond. The third use of the word is chiefly confined to the older writers. Simplex and duplex obligatio were the old names for what are now more commonly called a single and a See also:

double or conditional bond. The party bound is still called the obligor, the party in whose favour the bond is made the obligee. The See also:

FOURTH

fourth, like the third, is a use scarcely found except in the older writers. The word " bond " is of course a See also:

mere See also:

TRANSLATION

translation of obligatio.

Obligations may be either perfect or imperfect. A perfect obligation is one which is directly enforceable by legal proceedings; an imperfect or moral obligation (the naturalis obligatio of Roman law) is one in which the vinculum juris is in some respects incomplete, so that it cannot be directly enforced, though it is not entirely destitute of legal effect. A perfect obligation may become imperfect by See also:

LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of See also:

time or other means, and, conversely, an imperfect obligation may under certain circumstances become perfect. Thus a See also:

DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt may be barred by the See also:

STATUTE

Statute of Limitations and so cease to be enforce-able. The obligation, however, remains, though imperfect, for if there be a subsequent See also:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment by the debtor, the debt revives, and the imperfect obligation becomes again perfect. At one See also:

period there was some doubt among English lawyers whether a moral obligation could be regarded as sufficient See also:

CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration for a contract; it has now, however, been See also:

long decided that it cannot be so regarded. See also:

AMERICAN

American law is in See also:

general agreement with English, except in the case of See also:

LOUISIANA

Louisiana, where the terms obligor and obligee are used in as wide a sense as the debitor and creditor of Roman law. By See also:

art. 3522 of the Louisiana See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

CODE (Lat. codex)

code obligor or debtor means the person who has engaged to perform some obligation, obligee or creditor the person -in favour of whom some obligation is contracted, whether such obligation be to pay money or to do or not to do something. The term obligation is important in See also:

AMERICA

America from its use in art. i. s. ro of the constitution of the See also:

UNITED

United States, "No See also:

state . . . shall pass any ... law . . . impairing the obligation of contracts." This does not affect the See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress to pass such a law.

Contracts between private individuals are of course within the See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision. So are private conveyances, charters of private corporations and statutory and other grants by a state. On the other See also:

hand, See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage and See also:

DIVORCE

divorce, and arrangements which are See also:

POLITICAL

political in their nature, such as charters of municipal corporations, licences to carry on particular trades or regulations of See also:

POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police are not within the provision. In See also:

order to fall within it, the law must act upon the terms of the agreement, and not merely upon the mode of See also:

PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure. If it act not upon the terms but upon the remedy, it impairs the obligation if it purport to be retrospective, but it is valid so far as it applies to subsequent contracts.

End of Article: OBLIGATION

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