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correspondence for many years afterwards. Either at this time or on some subsequent visit he had also a good deal of intercourse with members of the Jansenist party. This intercourse contributed to the charity towards those who differed from him in religious See also:

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, which ever afterwards formed a feature in his See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character. The exact See also:

period of his return to See also:

Scotland has not been ascertained; but in 1641 he was ordained Presbyterian See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Newbattle in Midlothian. In 1652 he resigned his See also:

charge and went to reside in Edinburgh. What led him to take this step does not distinctly appear. The See also:

account given is that he had little sympathy with the fiery zeal of his See also:

BROTHER

brother clergymen on certain See also:

POLITICAL

political questions, and that this led to severe censures on their See also:

PART

part.

See also:

Early in 16J3 he was appointed See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal of the university of Edinburgh, and primarius See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of divinity. In this See also:

POST

post he continued for seven or eight years. A considerable number of his Latin prelections and other addresses (published after his See also:

DEATH

death) are remarkable for the purity and elegance of their Latinity, and their subdued and meditative eloquence. They are valuable instructions in the See also:

art of living a See also:

HOLY

holy See also:

LIFE

life rather than a See also:

BODY

body of scientific divinity. Throughout, however, they See also:

bear the marks of a deeply learned and accomplished mind, saturated with both classical and patristic See also:

READING

reading, and like all his See also:

WORKS

works they breathe the spirit of one who lived very much above the See also:

WORLD

world. His See also:

MENTAL

mental See also:

TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper was too unlike the temper of his time to secure success as a teacher. In 1661, when Charles II. had resolved to force Episcopacy once more upon Scotland, he fixed upon Leighton for one of his bishops (see SCOTLAND, See also:

CHURCH OF). Leighton, living very much out of the world, and being somewhat deficient in what may be called the political sense, was too open to the persuasions used to induce him to enter a See also:

SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere for which he instinctively See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt he was See also:

ill qualified. The Episcopacy which he contemplated was that modified form which had been suggested by Archbishop Ussher, and to which See also:

Baxter and many of the best of the See also:

ENGLISH

English Nonconformists would have readily given their adherence. It is significant that, he always refused to be addressed as " my See also:

lord," and it is stated that when dining with his See also:

clergy on one occasion he wished to seat himself at the See also:

FOOT

foot of the table. Leighton soon began to discover the sort of men with whom he was to be associated in the episcopate. He travelled with them in the same See also:

COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach from London towards Scotland, but having become, as he told Burnet, very weary of their See also:

COMPANY

company (as he doubted not they were of his), and having found that they intended to make a See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of triumphal entrance into Edinburgh, he See also:

LEFT

left them at See also:

MORPETH

Morpeth and retired to the See also:

EARL

earl of See also:

LOTHIAN

Lothian's at Newbattle.

He very soon lost all See also:

hope of being able to build up the church by the means which the See also:

government had set on foot, and his See also:

WORK

work, as he confessed to Burnet, " seemed to him a fighting against See also:

God." He did, however, what he could, governing his See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese (that of See also:

DUNBLANE

Dunblane) with the utmost mildness, as far as he could, preventing the persecuting See also:

MEASURES

measures in active operation elsewhere, and endeavouring to persuade the Presbyterian clergy to come to an See also:

ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation with their Episcopal brethren. After a hopeless struggle of three or four years to induce the government to put a stop to their fierce persecution of the See also:

COVENANTERS

Covenanters, he determined to resign his bishopric, and went up to London in 1665 for this purpose. He so far worked upon the mind of Charles that he promised to enforce the See also:

ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of milder measures, but it does not appear that any material improvement took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place. In 1669 Leighton again went to London and made fresh representations on the subject, but little result followed. The slight disposition, however, shown by the government to accommodate matters appears to have inspired Leighton with so much hope that in the following year he agreed, though with a good deal of hesitation, to accept the archbishopric of Glasgow. In this higher sphere he redoubled his efforts with the Presbyterians to bring about some degree of conciliation with Episcopacy, but the only result was to embroil himself with the hot-headed Episcopal party as well as with the Presbyterians. In utter despair, therefore, of being able to be of any further service to the cause of See also:

religion, he resigned the archbishopric in 1674 and retired to the See also:

house of his widowed See also:

SISTER

sister, Mrs Lightmaker, at Broadhurst in See also:

Sussex. Here he spent the remaining ten years, probably the happiest of his life, and died suddenly on a visit to London in 1684. It is difficult to form a just or at least a full estimate of Leighton's character. He stands almost alone in his See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. In some respects he was immeasurably See also:

SUPERIOR

superior both in See also:

INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and in piety to most of the Scottish ecclesiastics of his time; and yet he seems to have had almost no See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in moulding the characters or conduct of his contemporaries. So intense was his absorption in the love of (,od that little See also:

ROOM

room seems to have been left in his See also:

heart for human sympathy or See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection.

Can it be that there was after all something to repel in his outward manner? Burnet tells us that he had never seen him laugh, and very seldom even smile. In other respects, too, he gives the impression of See also:

STANDING

standing aloof from human interests and ties. It may go for little that he never married, but it was surely a curious See also:

IDIOSYNCRASY (Gr. Ibwavyspavia, peculiar habit of body or temperament; 'lbws, one's own, and viryKpao , blending, tempering, from o-vyiepavvvoOat, to put together, compound, mix)

idiosyncrasy that he habitually cherished the wish (which was granted him) that he might See also:

die in an See also:

inn. In fact, holy meditation seems to have been the one absorbing See also:

INTEREST

interest of his life. At Dunblane tradition preserved the memory of " the good See also:

bishop," silent and companionless, pacing up and down the sloping walk by the See also:

RIVER

river's See also:

BANK

bank under the beautiful See also:

west window of his See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral. And from a See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the earl of Lothian to his countess it appears that, whatever other reasons Leighton might have had for resigning his charge at Newbattle, the See also:

main See also:

OBJECT

object which he had in view was to be left to his own thoughts. It is therefore not very wonderful that he was completely misjudged and even disliked both by the Presbyterian and by the Episcopal party. It was characteristic of him that he could never be made to understand that anything which he wrote possessed the smallest value. None of his works were published by himself, and it is stated that he left orders that all his See also:

MSS. should be destroyed after his death. But fortunately for the world this charge was disregarded. Like all the best See also:

writing, it seems to flow without effort; it is the easy unaffected outcome of his saintly nature.

Throughout, how-ever, it is the language of a See also:

SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and a See also:

man of perfect See also:

LITERARY

literary See also:

TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste; and with all its spirituality of thought there are no mystical raptures, such as are often found mingled with the Scottish See also:

PRACTICAL

practical See also:

THEOLOGY

theology of the 17th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century. It was a See also:

COMMON

common reproach against Leighton that he had leanings towards Roman Catholicism, and perhaps this is so far true that he had formed himself in some degree upon the See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of some of the saintly persons of that faith, such as See also:

Pascal and See also:

Thomas a Kempis. The best account of Leighton's character is that of Bishop Burnet in Hilt. of his Own Times (1723—1734). No perfectly satisfactory edition of Leighton's works exists. After his death his Commentary on See also:

Peter and several of his other works were published under the editorship of his friend Dr Fall, and those early See also:

EDITIONS

editions may be said to be, with some drawbacks, by far the best. His later editors have been possessed by the See also:

MANIA

mania of reducing his good archaic and See also:

NERVOUS

nervous language to the bald feebleness of See also:

MODERN

modern phraseology. It is unfortunately impossible to exempt from this See also:

criticism even the edition, in other respects very valuable and meritorious, published under the superintendence of the Rev. W. West (7 vols., London, 1869—1875); see also See also:

VOLUME

volume of selections (with See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography) by Dr See also:

Blair of Dunblane (1883), who also contributed " Bibliography of Archbishop Leighton " to the See also:

BRITISH

British and See also:

FOREIGN

Foreign Evangelical See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

JULY

July 1883); See also:

Andrew See also:

Lang, See also:

HISTORY

History of Scotland (1_902). (J. T. BR.; D.

End of Article: LEIGHTON, ROBERT (161x—1684)

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