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HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

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Originally appearing in Volume V13, Page 22 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HARRIS, See also:WILLIAM See also:TORREY (1835-1909) , See also:American educationist, was See also:born in See also:North Killingly, See also:Connecticut, on the loth of See also:September 1835. He studied at See also:Phillips See also:Andover See also:Academy, Andover, See also:Massachusetts, and entered Yale, but See also:left in his junior See also:year (18J7) to accept a position as a teacher of shorthand in the St See also:Louis, See also:Missouri, public See also:schools. Advancing through the grades of See also:principal and assistant See also:superintendent, he was See also:city superintendent of schools from 1867 until 1880. In 1858, under the stimulus of See also:Henry C. Brockmeyer, Harris became interested in See also:modern See also:German See also:philosophy in See also:general, and in particular in See also:Hegel, whose See also:works a small See also:group, gathering about Harris and Brockmeyer, began to study in 1859. From 1867 to 1893 Harris edited The See also:Journal of Speculative Philosophy (22 vols.), which was the quarterly See also:organ of the Philosophical Society founded in 1866. The Philosophical Society died out before 1874, when Harris founded in St Louis a See also:Kant See also:Club, which lived for fifteen years. In 1873, with See also:Miss Susan E. See also:Blow, he established in St Louis the first permanent public-school See also:kindergarten in See also:America. He represented the See also:United States See also:Bureau of See also:Education at the See also:International See also:Congress of Educators at See also:Brussels in 1880. In 1889 he represented the United States Bureau of Education at the See also:Paris Exposition, and from 1889 to 1906 was United States See also:commissioner of education. In 1899 the university of See also:Jena gave him the honorary degree of See also:Doctor of Philosophy for his See also:work on Hegel.

In 1906 ' For this See also:

building the legislature in 1901 appropriated $4,000,000, stipulating that it should be completed before the 1st of See also:January 1907. It was completed by that See also:time, the See also:net See also:expenditure of the building See also:commission being about $3,970,000. Although the legislature had made no See also:provision for See also:furniture and decoration, the See also:state See also:Board of Public Grounds and Buildings (See also:governor, auditor-general and treasurer) undertook to See also:complete the furnishing and decoration of the building within the stipulated time, and paid out for that purpose more than $8,600,000. In May 1906 a new treasurer entered See also:office, who discovered that many items for furniture and decoration were charged twice, once at a normal and again at a remarkably high figure. In 1907 the legislature appointed a See also:committee to investigate the See also:charge of See also:fraud. The committee's decision was that the Board of Grounds and Buildings was not authorized to let the decorating and furnishing of the state See also:house; that it had illegally authorized certain expenditures; and that architect and contractors had made fraudulent invoices and certificates. Various indictments were found: in the first trial for See also:conspiracy in the making and delivering of furniture the contractor and the former auditor-general, state treasurer and superintendent of public grounds and buildings were convicted and in See also:December 1908 were sentenced to two years' imprisonment and fined $500 each; in 1910 a suit was brought for the recovery of about $5,000,000 from those responsible. 1868 to the memory of the soldiers who See also:fell in the Mexican See also:War; it has a See also:column of See also:Maryland See also:marble 76 ft. high, which is surmounted by an See also:Italian marble statue of Victory, executed in See also:Rome. At the See also:base of the See also:monument are muskets used by United States soldiers in that war and guns captured at Cerro Gordo. In State See also:Street is the Dauphin See also:County Soldiers' monument, a See also:shaft to ft. sq. at the base and See also:Ito ft. high, with a pyramidal See also:top. For several years See also:prior to 1902 See also:Harrisburg suffered much from impure See also:water, a See also:bad See also:sewerage See also:system, and poorly paved and dirty streets. In that year, however, a See also:League for Municipal Improvements was formed; in See also:February 1902 a See also:loan of $1,000,000 for municipal improvements was voted, landscape gardeners and sewage See also:engineers were consulted, and a non-See also:partisan See also:mayor was elected, under whom See also:great advances were made in street cleaning and street paving, a new filtration plant was completed, the See also:river front was beautified and protected from See also:flood, sewage was diverted from See also:Paxton See also:Creek, and the development of an extensive See also:park system was undertaken.

Harrisburg's charitable institutions include a city See also:

hospital, a See also:home for the friendless, a See also:children's See also:industrial home, and a state lunatic hospital (1845). The city is the seat of a See also:Roman See also:Catholic bishopric. Both See also:coal and See also:iron ore abound in the vicinity, and the city has numerous manufacturing establishments. The value of its factory products in 1905 was $17,146.338 (14.3% more than in 1900), the more import-See also:ant being those of See also:steel works and See also:rolling See also:mills ($4,528,907), blast furnaces, See also:steam railway repair shops, See also:cigar and cigarette factories ($1,258,498), foundries and See also:machine shops ($953,627), See also:boot and See also:shoe factories ($922,568), flouring and grist mills, slaughtering and See also:meat-packing establishments and See also:silk mills. Harrisburg was named in See also:honour of See also:John Harris, who, upon coming into this region to See also:trade See also:early in the 18th See also:century, was attracted to the site as an easy See also:place at which to See also:ford the Susquehanna, and about 1726 settled here. He was buried in what is now Harris Park, where he erected the first building, a small hut, within the See also:present limits of Harrisburg. In 1753 his son established a See also:ferry over the river, and the place was called Harris's Ferry until 1785, when the younger Harris laid out the See also:town and named it Harrisburg. In the same year it was made the county-seat of the newly constituted county of Dauphin, and its name was changed to See also:Louisburg; but when, in 1791, it was incorporated as a See also:borough, the present name was again adopted. In 1812, after an effort begun twenty-five years before, it was made the See also:capital of the state; and in 186o it was chartered as a city. In the summer of 1827, through the persistent efforts of persons most interested in the woollen manufactures of Massachusetts and other New See also:England states to secure legislative aid for that See also:industry, a See also:convention of about too delegates—manufacturers, newspaper men and politicians—was held in Harrisburg, and the See also:programme adopted by the convention did much to bring about the passage of the famous high See also:tariff See also:act of 1828.

End of Article: HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

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