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KINDERGARTEN

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Originally appearing in Volume V15, Page 802 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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KINDERGARTEN , a See also:

German word meaning " See also:garden of See also:children," the name given by See also:Friedrich See also:Froebel to a See also:kind of " See also:play-school " invented by him for furthering the See also:physical, moral and intellectual growth of children between the ages of three and seven. For the theories on which this type of school was based see FROEBEL. Towards the end of the 18th See also:century See also:Pestalozzi planned, and See also:Oberlin formed, See also:day-asylums for See also:young children. See also:Schools of this kind took in the See also:Netherlands the name of " play school," and in See also:England, where they have especially thriven, of " See also:infant schools " (q.v.). But Froebel's See also:idea of the " Kindergarten " differed essentially from that of the infant schools. The See also:child required to be prepared for society by being See also:early associated with its equals; and young children thus brought together might have their employments, especially their See also:chief employment, play, so organized as to draw out their capacities of feeling and thinking, and even of inventing and creating. Froebel therefore invented a course of occupations, most of which are social See also:games. Many of the games are connected with the " gifts," as he called the See also:simple playthings provided for the children. These ." gifts " are, in See also:order, six coloured balls, a wooden See also:ball, a See also:cylinder and a See also:cube, a cube cut to See also:form eight smaller cubes, another cube cut to form eight parallelograms, square and triangular tablets of coloured See also:wood, and strips of See also:lath, rings and circles for See also:pattern-making. In See also:modern kindergartens much stress has been laid on such occupations as See also:sand-See also:drawing, modelling in See also:clay and See also:paper, pattern-making, plaiting, &c. The See also:artistic See also:faculty was much thought of by Froebel, and, as in the See also:education of the ancients, the sense of See also:rhythm in See also:sound and See also:motion was cultivated by See also:music and See also:poetry introduced in the games. Much care was to be given to the training of the senses, especially those of sight, sound and See also:touch.

See also:

Intuition or first-See also:hand experience (Anschauung) was to be recognized as the true basis of knowledge, and though stories were to be told, instruction of the imparting and " learning-up " kind was to be excluded. Froebel sought to See also:teach the children not what to think but how to think, in this following in the steps of Pestalozzi, who had done for the child what See also:Bacon nearly two See also:hundred years before had done for the philosopher. Where possible the children were to be much in the open See also:air, and were each to cultivate a little garden. The first kindergarten was opened at See also:Blankenburg, near See also:Rudolstadt, in 1837, but after a needy existence of eight years was closed for want of funds. In 1851 the Prussian See also:government declared that " schools founded on Froebel's principles or principles like them could not be allowed." As early as 1854 it was introduced into England, and See also:Henry See also:Barnard reported on it that it was " by far the most See also:original, attractive and philosophical form of infant development the See also:world has yet seen " (See also:Report to See also:Governor of See also:Connecticut, 1854). The See also:great propagandist of Froebelism, the Baroness Berta von Marenholtz-See also:Bulow (1811-1893), See also:drew the See also:attention of the See also:French to the kindergarten from the See also:year 1855, and See also:Michelet declared that Froebel had " solved the problem of human education." In See also:Italy the kindergarten was introduced by Madame Salis-See also:Schwabe. In See also:Austria it is recognized and regulated by the government, though the Yolks-Kindergarten are not numerous. But by far the greatest developments of the kindergarten See also:system are in the See also:United States and in See also:Belgium. The See also:movement was begun in the United States by See also:Miss See also:Elizabeth See also:Peabody in 1867, aided by Mrs See also:Horace See also:Mann and Dr Henry Barnard. The first permanent kindergarten was established in St See also:Louis in 1873 by Miss Susan See also:Blow and Dr W. T. See also:Harris.

In Belgium the mistresses of the " Ecoles gardiennes " are instructed in the " idea of the kindergarten " and " Froebel's method," and in 1880 the See also:

minister of public instruction issued a See also:programme for the Ecoles Gardiennes Communales," which is both in fact and in profession a kindergarten See also:manual. For the position of the kindergarten system in the See also:principal countries of the world see Report of a Consultative See also:Committee upon the School Attendance of Children below the See also:Age of Five, See also:English See also:Board of Education Reports (Cd. 4259, 1908) ; and " The Kindergarten," by Laura See also:Fisher, Report of the United States See also:Commissioner for Education for 1903, vol. i. ch. xvi. (See also:Washington, 1905). KIND! .[See also:ABU YUSUF YA`QUB See also:IBN ISIIAQ UL-KINDI, sometimes called pre-eminently " The Philosopher of the See also:Arabs "] flourished in the 9th century, the exact See also:dates of his See also:birth and See also:death being unknown. He was See also:born in See also:Kufa, where his See also:father was governor under the Caliphs See also:Mandi and See also:Harun al-Rashid. His studies were made in See also:Basra and See also:Bagdad, and in the latter See also:place he remained, occupying according to some a government position. In the orthodox reaction under Motawakkil, when all See also:philosophy was suspect, his library was confiscated, but he himself seems to have escaped. His writings-like those of other Arabian philosophers—are encyclopaedic and are concerned with most of the sciences; they are said to have numbered over two hundred, but fewer than twenty are extant. Some of these were known in the See also:middle ages, for Kindi is placed by See also:Roger Bacon in the first See also:rank after See also:Ptolemy as a writer on See also:optics. His See also:work De Somniorum Visione was translated by See also:Gerard of See also:Cremona (q.v.) and another was published as De medicinarum compositarum gradibus investigandis Libellus (See also:Strassburg, 1531)• He was one of the earliest translators and commentators of See also:Aristotle, but like See also:Farabi (q.v.) appears to have been superseded by See also:Avicenna.

See G. Fliigel, Al Kindi genannt der Philosoph der Araber (See also:

Leipzig, 1857), and T. J. de See also:Boer, Geschichte der Philosophie See also:im See also:Islam (See also:Stuttgart, 190I), pp. 90 sqq.; also ARABIAN PHILOSOPHY. (G. W.

End of Article: KINDERGARTEN

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