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GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 766 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GERARD, See also:JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847) , See also:French caricaturist, generally known by the See also:pseudonym of Grandville—the professional name of his grandparents, who were actors—was See also:born at See also:Nancy on the 13th of See also:September 1803. He received his first instruction in See also:drawing from his See also:father, a See also:miniature painter, and at the See also:age of twenty-one came to See also:Paris, where he soon afterwards published a collection of lithographs entitled See also:Les Tribulations de la petite propriete. He followed this by Les Plaisirs de touldge and La Sibylle See also:des salons; but the See also:work which first established his fame was Metamorphoses du jour, published in 1828, a See also:series of seventy scenes in which individuals' with the bodies of men and faces of animals are made to See also:play a 'human See also:comedy. These drawings are remarkable for the extra-See also:ordinary skill with which human characteristics are represented in See also:animal features. The success of this work led to his being engaged as See also:artistic contributor to various See also:periodicals, such as La See also:Silhouette, L' Artiste, La See also:Caricature, Le See also:Charivari; and his See also:political caricatures, which were characterized by marvellous fertility of was captured by See also:Alexander Jannaeus (c. 83 B.C.), rebuilt by the See also:Romans (c. A.D. 65), burned by the See also:Jews in revenge for the See also:massacre at Caesarea, and again plundered and depopulated by Annius, the See also:general of See also:Vespasian; but, in spite of these disasters, it was still in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the See also:Christian era one of the wealthiest and most flourishing cities of See also:Palestine. It was a centre of See also:Greek See also:civilization, devoted especially to the See also:worship of See also:Artemis, and producing famous teachers, of whom See also:Stephen the See also:Byzantine mentions Ariston, Kerykos and See also:Plato. As See also:late as 1121 the soldiers of See also:Baldwin II. found it defended by a See also:castle built by a See also:king of See also:Damascus; but at the beginning of the following See also:century the Arabian geographer Yaqut speaks of it as deserted and overthrown. The ruins of Jerash, discovered about 18o6, and since then frequently visited and described, still attest the splendour of the See also:Roman See also:city. They are distributed along both See also:banks of the Kerwan, a See also:brook which flows See also:south through the See also:Wadi-ed-Der to join the Zerka or Jabbok; but all the See also:principal buildings are situated on the level ground to the right of the stream.

The See also:

town walls, which can still be traced and indeed are partly See also:standing, had a See also:circuit of not more than 2 m., and the See also:main See also:street was less than See also:half a mile in length; but remains of buildings on the road for fully a mile beyond the south See also:gate, show that the town had outgrown the limit of its fortifications. The most striking feature of the ruins is the See also:pro-See also:fusion of columns, no fewer than 230 being even now in position; the main street is a continuous See also:colonnade, a large See also:part of which is still entire, and it terminates to the south in a See also:forum of similar formation. Among the public buildings still recognizable are a See also:theatre capable of accommodating hobo spectators, a naumachia (See also:circus for See also:naval combats) and several temples, of which the largest was probably the grandest structure in the city, possessing a See also:portico of Corinthian pillars 38 ft. high. The desolation of the city is probably due to See also:earthquake; and the See also:absence of Moslem erections or restorations seems to show that the disaster took See also:place before the See also:Mahommedan See also:period. The town is now occupied by a See also:colony of Circassians, whose houses have been built with materials from the earlier buildings, and there has been much destruction of the interesting ruins. " The See also:country of the Gerasenes " (Matt. viii. 28 and See also:parallels; other readings, Gadarenes, Gergesenes) must be looked for in another quarter—on the E. See also:coast of the See also:Sea of See also:Galilee, probably in the neighbourhood of the See also:modern Khersa (C. W. See also:Wilson in Recovery of See also:Jerusalem, p. 369). (R. A.

S. M.) GERAULT-See also:

RICHARD, See also:ALFRED See also:LEON (186o- ), French journalist and politician, was born at Bonnetable in the See also:department of See also:Sarthe, of a See also:peasant See also:family. He began See also:life as a working See also:upholsterer, first at Mans, then at Paris (188o), where his peasant and socialist songs soon won him fame in the Montmartre See also:quarter. Lissagaray, the communist, offered him a position on La Bataille, and he became a See also:regular contributor to the advanced See also:journals, especially to La Petite Republique, of which he became editor-inchief in 1897. In 1893 he founded Le Chambard, and was imprisoned for a See also:year (1894) on See also:account of a See also:personal attack upon the See also:president, Casimir-See also:Perier. In See also:January 1895 he was elected to the chamber as a Socialist for the thirteenth See also:arrondissement of Paris. He was defeated at the elections of 1898 at Paris, but was re-elected in 1902 and in 1906 by the colony of See also:Guadeloupe.

End of Article: GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)

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