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See also:BULOW, BERNHARD HEINRICH KARL See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
MARTIN, See also:PRINCE VON (1849– ) , See also:German statesman, was See also:born on the 3rd of May '1849, at See also:Klein-Flottbeck, in See also:Holstein. The Billow See also:family is one very widely extended in See also:north See also:Germany, and many members have attained distinction in the See also:civil and military service of See also:Prussia, See also:Denmark and See also:Mecklenburg. Prince Billow's See also:great-See also:uncle, Heinrich von Billow, who was distinguished for his admiration of See also:England and See also:English institutions, was Prussian See also:ambassador in England from 1827 to 1840, and married a daughter of Wilhelm von See also:Humboldt (see the letters of Gabrielle von Billow). His See also:father, Bernhard See also:Ernst von Billow, is separately noticed above.
Prince Billow must not be confused with his contemporary See also:Otto v. Billow (1827-1901), an See also:official in the Prussian See also:foreign See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office, who in 1882 was appointed German See also:envoy at See also:Bern, from 1892 to 1898 was Prussian envoy to the Vatican, and died at See also:Rome on the 22nd of See also:November 1901.
Bernhard von Billow, after serving in the Franco-Prussian See also:War, entered the Prussian civil service, and was then transferred to the See also:diplomatic service. In 1876 he was appointed attache to the German See also:embassy in See also:Paris, and after returning for a while to the foreign office at See also:Berlin, became second secretary to the embassy in Paris in 1880. From 1884 he was first secretary to the embassy at St See also:Petersburg, and acted as See also:charge d'affaires; in 1888 he was appointed envoy at See also:Bucharest, and in 1893 to the See also:post of German ambassador at Rome. In 1897, on the retirement of See also:Baron See also:Marshall von Bieberstein, he was appointed secretary of See also:state for foreign affairs (the same office which his father had held) under Prince See also:Hohenlohe, with a seat in the Prussian See also:ministry. The See also:appointment caused much surprise at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, as Billow was little known outside diplomatic circles. The explanations suggested were that he had made himself very popular at Rome and that his appointment was therefore calculated to strengthen the loosening bonds of the Triple See also:Alliance, and also that his See also:early See also:close association with See also:Bismarck would ensure the See also:maintenance of the Bismarckian tradition. As foreign secretary Herr von Billow was chiefly responsible for carrying out the policy of colonial expansion with which the See also:emperor had identified himself, and in 1899, on bringing to a successful conclusion the negotiations by which the See also:Caroline Islands were acquired by Germany, he was raised to the See also:rank of See also:count. On the resignation of Hohenlohe in 1900 he was chosen to succeed him as See also:chancellor of the See also:empire and See also:president of the Prussian ministry.
The Berliner Neueste Nachrichten, commenting on this appointment, very aptly characterized the relations of the new chancellor to the emperor, in contrast to the position occupied by Bismarck. " The Germany of See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William II.," it said, " does not admit a Titan in the position of the highest official of the Empire. A cautious and versatile diplomatist like Bernhard von Billow appears to be best adapted to the See also:personal and See also:political necessities of the See also:present situation." Count Billow, indeed, though, like Bismarck, a " realist," utilitarian and opportunist in his policy, made no effort to emulate the masterful See also:independence of the great chancellor. He was accused, indeed, of being little more than the complacent executor of the emperor's will, and defended himself in the Reichstag against the charge. The substance of the relations between the emperor and himself, he declared, rested on mutual See also:good-will, and added: I must See also:lay it down most emphatically that the See also:prerogative of the emperor's personal initiative must not be curtailed, and will not be curtailed, by any chancellor. . . . As regards the chancellor, however, I say that no imperial chancellor worthy of the name . . . would take up any position which in his See also:conscience he did not regard as justifiable." It is clear that the position of a chancellor holding these views in relation to a ruler so masterful and so impulsive as the emperor William II. could be no easy one; and Billow's See also:long continuance in office is the best See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of his See also:genius. His first conspicuous See also:act as chancellor was a masterly See also:defence in the Reichstag of German See also:action in See also:China, a defence which was, indeed, rendered easier by the fact that Prince Hohenlohe had—to use his own words—" dug a See also:canal " for the See also:flood of imperial ambition of which warning had been given in the famous " mailed fist " speech. Such incidents as this, however, though they served to exhibit consummate tact and diplomatic skill, give little See also:index to the fundamental See also:character of his See also:work as chancellor, Of this it may be said, in See also:general, that it carried on the best traditions of the Prussian service in whole-hearted devotion to the interests of the state. The See also:accusation that he was an " agrarian " he thought it necessary to rebut in a speech delivered on the 18th of See also:February 1906 to the German Handelstag. He was an agrarian, he declared, in so far as he came of a See also:land-owning family, and was interested in the prosperity of See also:agriculture; but as chancellor, whose See also:function it is to See also:watch over the welfare
of all classes, he was equally concerned with the interests of See also:commerce and See also:industry (Kolnische Zeitung, Feb. 20, 1906). Some See also:credit for the immense material expansion of Germany under his chancellorship is certainly due to his zeal and self-devotion. This was generously recognized by the emperor in a See also:letter publicly addressed to the chancellor on the 21st of May 1906, immediately after the passage of the See also:Finance See also:Bill. " I am fully conscious," it ran, " of the conspicuous See also:share in the See also:initiation and realization of this work of reform . . . which must be ascribed to the statesmanlike skill and self-sacrificing devotion with which you have conducted and promoted those arduous labours." Rumours had from time to time been rife of a " chancellor crisis " and Billow's dismissal; in the Berliner Tageblatt this letter was compared to the " Never!" with which the emperor William I. had replied to Bismarck's proffered resignation.
On the 6th of See also:June 1905 Count Billow was raised to the rank of prince (See also:Furst), on the occasion of the See also:marriage of the See also:crown prince. The coincidence of this date with the fall of M. See also:Delcasse, the See also:French See also:minister for foreign affairs—a See also:triumph for Germany and a humiliation for France—was much commented on at the time (see The Times, June 7, 1905) ; and the See also:elevation of Bismarck to the rank of prince in the See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall of Mirrors at See also:Versailles was recalled. Whatever See also:element of truth there may have been in this, however, the significance of the incident was much exaggerated.
On the 5th of See also:April 1906, while attending a debate in the Reichstag, Prince Billow was seized with illness, the result of overwork and an attack of See also:influenza, and was carried unconscious from the hall. At first it was thought that the attack would be fatal, and See also:Lord Fitzmaurice in the See also:House of Lords compared the incident with that of the See also:death of See also:Chatham, a compliment much appreciated in Germany. The illness, however, quickly took a favourable turn, and after a See also:month's See also:rest the chancellor was able to resume his duties. In 1907 Prince Billow was made the subject of a disgraceful See also:libel, which received more See also:attention than it deserved because it coincided with the Harden-See also:Moltke scandals; his character was, however,completely vindicated,and the libeller, a journalist named See also:Brand, received a See also:term of imprisonment.
The See also:parliamentary skill of Prince Billow in holding together the heterogeneous elements of which the See also:government See also:majority in the Reichstag was composed, no less than the diplomatic tact with which he from time to time " interpreted " the imperial indiscretions to the See also:world, was put to a See also:rude test by the famous " interview " with the German emperor, published in the See also:London Daily See also:Telegraph of the 28th of See also:October 1908 (see WILLIAM II., German emperor), which aroused universal reprobation in Germany. Prince Billow assumed the official responsibility, and tendered his resignation to the emperor, which was not accepted; but the chancellor's explanation in the Reichstag on the loth of November showed how keenly he See also:felt his position. He declared his conviction that the disastrous results of the interview would " induce the emperor in future to observe that strict reserve, even in private conversations, which is equally indispensable in the See also:interest of a See also:uniform policy and for the authority of the crown," adding that, in the contrary See also:case, neither he nor any successor of his could assume the responsibility (The Times, Nov. 11, 1908, p. 9). The attitude of the emperor showed that he had taken the See also:lesson to See also:heart. It was not the imperial indiscretions, but the effect of his See also:budget proposals in breaking up the Liberal-Conservative bloc, on whose support he depended in the Reichstag, that eventually drove Prince Billow from office (see GERMANY: See also:History). At the emperor's See also:request he remained to See also:pilot the mutilated budget through the House; but on the 14th of See also:July 1909 the See also:acceptance of his resignation was announced.
Prince Billow married, on the 9th of See also:January 1886, Maria See also:Anna Zoe Rosalia Beccadelli di See also:Bologna, Princess Camporeale, whose first marriage with Count Karl von Donhoff had been dissolved and declared null by the See also:Holy See in 1884. The princess, an accomplished pianist and. See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil of See also:Liszt, was a step-daughter of the See also:Italian statesman See also:Minghetti.
See J. Penzler, See also:Graf Billows Reden nebst urkundlichen Beitragen zu seiner Politik (See also:Leipzig, 1903).
End of Article: BULOW, BERNHARD HEINRICH KARL MARTIN, PRINCE VON (1849– )
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