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BILL

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Originally appearing in Volume V03, Page 934 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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BILL . There are three words in See also:

ENGLISH

English with distinct meanings and derivations. (I) A written, originally sealed, document. The word is derived from the See also:

Early English bille, Anglo-Latin billa, from Latin bulla, in the See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval sense of " See also:

seal." It is a doublet, therefore, of " See also:

bull." (2) A See also:

COMMON

common See also:

Teutonic word for a See also:

long-handled cutting weapon (O. Eng. bil, billes, See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword orfalchion, O. See also:

SAX, ANTOINE JOSEPH

Sax. bill, M.H.G. Bil, Mod. Ger. Bille, a pickaxe; no connexion with Ger. Beil, an See also:

AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe), of which the name and shape is preserved in the hedging-bills used for pruning hedges and lopping the branches of trees. For an See also:

account of the weapon see (2) below. (3) The See also:

BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak of a See also:

BIRD

bird.

This may be connected with (2), but it does not appear in any Teutonic See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language other than English. (1) In the sense of a document the word is used in various connexions in See also:

law and See also:

commerce. In the English See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and similar legislative bodies, a bill is a See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

STATUTE

statute (q.v.) submitted to either See also:

house, which when finally passed becomes an See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act. The See also:

MODERN

modern See also:

SYSTEM

system of legislating by means of bill and statute appears to have been introduced in the reign of See also:

Henry VI., superseding the older mode of proceeding by petitions from the See also:

COMMONS

Commons, assented to by the See also:

king, and afterwards enrolled by the See also:

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges. A bill consists of a See also:

PREAMBLE (Med. Lat. praeambulum, from praeambulare, to walk before)

preamble, reciting the See also:

NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for legislation, and clauses which contain the enactments. (For See also:

PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure see PARLIAMENT.) A Bill in See also:

CHANCERY

Chancery, in former days, in English law, was a written statement of the See also:

PLAINTIFF

plaintiff's See also:

case whereby he complained of the wrong upon which the suit was based and prayed for See also:

RELIEF

relief. By the Judicature Acts 1873 and 1875 its See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was taken by a See also:

WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ and statement of claim (see See also:

PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

PLEADING). A Bill of See also:

INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

Indictment is a presentment against a prisoner, charging him with an offence, and presented at See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions or assizes to the See also:

GRAND

grand See also:

JURY

jury (see INDICTMENT). A Bill of See also:

COSTS

Costs is an account setting forth the charges and disbursements incurred by a See also:

SOLICITOR

solicitor in the conduct of his client's business. The delivery of a bill of costs is by statute a See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition necessary before the solicitor can See also:

SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue upon it (see COSTS). A Bill of Exceptions was formerly a statement in See also:

writing of objections to the ruling of a See also:

JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, who, at the trial, had mistaken the law, either in directing the jury, or in refusing or admitting See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence or otherwise. The bill of exceptions was tendered at any See also:

time before the See also:

VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict by counsel of the dissatisfied party, who required the judge to seal it.

The case proceeded to the jury, and See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment being given, the point raised was brought before a See also:

court of See also:

ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error. Bills of exceptions were confined to See also:

CIVIL

civil cases. They were abolished by the Judicature Act 1875, and a " See also:

motion for a new trial " substituted (see TRIAL). A Bill of See also:

HEALTH

Health is a document given to the See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of a See also:

SHIP

ship by the See also:

consul or other proper authority of the See also:

PORT

port from which he clears, describing the sanitary See also:

state of the place. A bill of health may be either " clean," " suspected " or " touched," or " foul." A " clean " bill imports that at the time the ship sailed, no disease of an infectious or contagious See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind is known to exist; a "suspected" or "touched" bill, that no such disease has as yet appeared, but that there is See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to fear it; a "foul" bill, that such a disease actually exists at the time of the ship's departure. Bills of health are necessary where the destination of the ship is a See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country whose See also:

LAWS

laws require the See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of such a bill before the ship is allowed into port, and where, in See also:

DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of such production, the ship is subjected to See also:

QUARANTINE (Fr. quarantaine, a period of forty days 1)

quarantine. A Bill of Mortality in See also:

England was a weekly return issued under the supervision of the See also:

COMPANY

company of See also:

PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish clerks showing the number of deaths in a parish. During the Tudor See also:

period England suffered much from See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, and various precautionary See also:

MEASURES

measures became necessary. Quarantine or See also:

ISOLATION

isolation was the most important, but to carry it out successfully it was necessary to have early warning of the existence of plague in each parish or house. For this purpose searchers—usually women—were appointed, who reported to the clerk the cause of each See also:

DEATH

death in the parish. He, in turn, sent a See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report to the parish clerks' See also:

hall, from whence was issued weekly a return of all the deaths from plague and other causes in the various parishes, as well as a See also:

list of those parishes which were See also:

FREE

free from plague. Bills of mortality are usually said to date from 1538, when parish registers were established by See also:

Cromwell (See also:

Lord See also:

Essex), but there is extant a bill which See also:

DATES

dates from See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1535, and one which is possibly even earlier than this.

It is certain that they first began to be compiled in a recognized manner in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1603, and they were continued regularly from that date down to 1842, when under the Births and Deaths See also:

REGISTRATION

Registration Act 1836 they were superseded by the registrar-See also:

general's returns. It was not till 1728, when the ages of the dead were first introduced, that bills of mortality acquired any considerable statistical value. It was on the data thus furnished that the See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of See also:

LIFE

life See also:

INSURANCE

insurance was founded. A Bill of Particulars was, in law, a statement in writing, in-forming each party to a suit the precise nature of the case they !had to meet. It contained the plaintiff's cause of See also:

ACTION

action or the See also:

DEFENDANT

defendant's set-off. Particulars are now usually indorsed on the pleadings (see PLEADING). A Bill of See also:

Peace is, in See also:

EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity, a suit brought by a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to establish and perpetuate a right which he claims, and which from its nature may be controverted by different persons at different times and by different actions; or where several attempts have already been unsuccessfully made to overthrow the same right, and See also:

JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice requires that the party should be quieted in the right if it is already sufficiently established. Bills of this nature were usually filed where there was one general right to be established against a See also:

GREAT

great number of persons, or where one person claimed or defended a right against many, or where many claimed or defended a right against one. Thus, a bill might be filed by a See also:

PARSON

parson for See also:

TITHES

tithes against his parishioners; by parishioners against a parson to establish a modus; by a lord against tenants for an encroachment under See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of a common right; or by tenants against a lord for disturbance of a common right. Bills were also filed in cases where the plaintiff had, after repeated and satisfactory trials, established his right at law, and yet was in danger of further litigation and obstruction to his right from new attempts to controvert it. Actions in the nature of bills of peace are still maintainable. A Bill of Sight is a document furnished to a See also:

COLLECTOR

collector of customs or other proper officer by an importer of goods in England, who, being unable for want of full See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to make a perfect entry of goods consigned to him, describes the same to the best of his knowledge and information.

The goods may then be See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision-ally landed, but perfect entry must be made within three days by indorsing on the bill of sight the necessary particulars. In default of perfect entry within three days the goods are taken to the king's warehouse, and if perfect entry is not made within one See also:

month and all duties and charges paid, they are sold for See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment thereof. See the Customs Consolidation Act 1876. A Bill of See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

Store is a license granted by the See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-house to re-import See also:

BRITISH

British goods into the See also:

UNITED

United See also:

KINGDOM

Kingdom. All British goods re-imported into the United Kingdom are entered as See also:

FOREIGN

foreign, unless re-imported within ten years after their exportation and unless the See also:

PROPERTY

property in the goods continues and remains in the person by whom they were exported. But in such case they may be entered as British goods, by bill of store, with the exception of See also:

corn, See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

MEAL

meal, See also:

FLOUR

flour and hops. A Bill of Victualling or Victualling Bill, in its See also:

ORIGINAL

original meaning, is a list of all stores for shipment, but now an See also:

order from an export officer of the customs for the shipment from a bonded warehouse or for See also:

DRAWBACK

drawback of such stores as may be required and allowed with reference to the number of the See also:

crew and passengers on See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board a ship proceeding on an oversea voyage. It is made out by the master and countersigned by the collector of customs. Its See also:

OBJECT

object is to prevent frauds on the See also:

revenue. No such stores are supplied for the use of any ship nor any articles taken on board deemed to be stores unless they are See also:

BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne upon the victualling bill, and any such stores relanded at any place in the United Kingdom without the See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the proper See also:

OFFICERS

officers of the customs will be forfeited and the master and owner will each be liable to a See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of See also:

TREBLE (a doublet of " triple," three-fold, from Lat. triplus, triple; cf. " double " from duplus)

treble the value of the stores or £loo. A victualling bill serves as :a certificate of clearance when there is nothing but stores on board the ship. SeeaIsOADVENTURE, See also:

ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

ATTAINDER, See also:

INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

INDEMNITY, LET TER OF See also:

CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

CREDIT, BILL OF See also:

EXCHANGE

EXCHANGE, BILL OF RIGHTS and BILL OF See also:

SALE; for a bill of See also:

LADING (from " to lade," O. Eng. hladan, to put cargo on board; cf. " load "), BILL OF

lading see See also:

AFFREIGHTMENT (from " freight," q.v.)

AFFREIGHTMENT.

(T. A. I.) (2) In the sense of a weapon, the See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive forms of a bill suggest See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

SCYTHE

scythe-See also:

BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades or hedgers' bill-hooks mounted on tall staves. In such shape it is found in the hands of the English before the Gopquest. _ nplish medieval documents make muchconfusion between the bill and the See also:

HALBERT, HALBERD

halbert and other forms of staved weapons with cutting heads. Before the 15th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the bill had been reinforced with a See also:

pike See also:

head above the curved blade and another jutting at a right See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle from the blade's back. In this form it became a popular English weapon, the " See also:

brown bill " of many See also:

BALLADS

ballads. Billmen are not found in the king's See also:

HOST

host at See also:

CRECY (Cressy)

Crecy and See also:

CALAIS

Calais, the bowmen carrying malls or short swords, and Henry VIL's contracts for troops do not name the bill, which may be regarded rather as the private See also:

man's weapon. But when, in the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 15th century, See also:

Walter See also:

Strickland, a See also:

Westmorland See also:

SQUIRE

squire, contracts to raise armed men, it is noticeable that more than See also:

HALF

half his horsemen carry the bill as their See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, while seventy-one bowmen are to See also:

march on See also:

FOOT

foot with seventy-six billmen. In the 16th century the bill, with the halbert, See also:

fell out of use among See also:

REGULAR

regular troops, the pike taking their place on account of the longer See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, which made it a better See also:

defence against See also:

CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry. It remained during the 17th century as a watchman or See also:

constable's weapon, although rudely-fashioned bills were seen in Sedgemoor fight. (O.

BA.) BILLAUD-VARENNE, JACQUES See also:

NICOLAS (1756-1819), See also:

French revolutionist, was the son of an avocat at the See also:

PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

Paris. He was badly brought up by a feeble See also:

FATHER

father, a See also:

MOTHER

mother who combined immorality with See also:

religion, and a libertine See also:

ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe. At nineteen he donned the robe of an Oratorian, but did not take the vows, and busied himself with literature rather than with religion. In 1785 he See also:

LEFT

left the Oratorian See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college where he was See also:

PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of studies, came to Paris, married and bought a position as avocat in the parlement. Early in 1789 he published at See also:

Amsterdam a three-See also:

VOLUME

volume See also:

WORK

work on the Despotisme See also:

des ministres de la See also:

France, and he adopted with See also:

ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm the principles of the Revolution. At the Jacobin See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club he became from 1790 one of the most violent of the See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-royalist orators. After the See also:

FLIGHT

flight of See also:

Louis XVI. to Varennes, he published a pamphlet, L'Acephocratie, in which he demanded the See also:

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a federal See also:

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic. On the 1st of See also:

JULY

July, in a speech at the Jacobin club he spoke of a republic, and the reference called out the stormy derision of the partisans of the constitutional See also:

MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy; but repeating his demand for a republic on the 15th of the same month, the speech was ordered to be printed and to be sent to the See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies through-out France. In the See also:

NIGHT

night of the loth of August 1792 he was elected one of the " See also:

DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy-commissioners " of the sections who shortly afterwards became the general See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the See also:

commune. Ile was accused, though See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof is lacking, of having been an See also:

ACCOMPLICE (from Fr. complice, conspirator, Lat. complex, a sharer, associate, complicare, to fold together; the ac- is possibly due to confusion with " accomplish," to complete, Lat. complere, to fill up)

accomplice in the massacres in the See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison of the Abbaye. Elected a deputy of Paris to the See also:

NATIONAL

National See also:

Convention, he at once spoke in favour of the immediate abolition of the monarchy, and the next See also:

day demanded that all acts be dated from the See also:

YEAR

year 1 of the republic. At the trial of Louis XVI. he added new charges to the See also:

ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation, proposed to refuse counsel to the king, and voted for death " within 24 See also:

HOURS, CANONICAL

hours." On the 2nd of See also:

JUNE

June 1793 he proposed a See also:

DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of accusation against the See also:

GIRONDISTS (Fr. Girondins)

Girondists; on the 9th, at the Jacobin club, he outlined a See also:

PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme which the Convention was destined gradually to realize: tlh See also:

EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of all foreigners not naturalized, the establishment of an See also:

IMPOST (through the O. Fr. from Lat. impositum, a thing laid upon another; the modern French is impot)

impost on the See also:

rich, the deprivation of the rights of citizenship of all " anti-social " men, the creation of a revolutionary See also:

army, the licensing of all officers ci-devant nobles, the death penalty for unsuccessful generals.

On the 15th of July he made a violent speech in the Convention in accusation of the Girondists. Sent in August as " representative on See also:

MISSION

mission " to the departments of the See also:

NORD

Nord and of Pas-de-Calais, he showed himself inexorable to all suspects. On his return he was added to the See also:

COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Public Safety, which had decreed the See also:

ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest en masse of all suspects and the establishment of a revolutionary army, caused the extraordinary criminal tribunal to be named officially " Revolutionary Tribunal " (on the 29th of See also:

OCTOBER

October 1793), demanded the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of See also:

MARIE

Marie Antoinette and then attacked See also:

Hebert and See also:

DANTON, GEORGE JACQUES (1759-1794)

Danton. Meanwhile he published a See also:

BOOK

book, See also:

Les Elements du republicanisme, in which he demanded a See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of property, if not equally, at least proportionally among the citizens. But he became uneasy for his own safety and turned against See also:

ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre, whom he attacked on the 8th See also:

THERMIDOR (from Gr. BEpµrt, heat, and & pov, gift)

Thermidor as a " moderate " and a Dantonist. Surprised and menaced by the Thermidorian reaction, he denounced its partisans to the Jacobin club. He was then attacked himself in the Convention for his See also:

CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, and a See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission was appointed to examine his conduct and that of some other members of the former Committee of Public Safety. He was arrested, and as a result of the insurrection of the 12th Germinal of the year 3 (the 1st of See also:

APRIL

April 1795), the Convention decreed his immediate See also:

DEPORTATION

deportation to French See also:

GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana. After the 18th See also:

BRUMAIRE

Brumaire he refused the See also:

PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon offered by the First Consul. In 1816 he left Guiana and took See also:

REFUGE

refuge in Port-au-See also:

Prince (See also:

HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti), where he died of See also:

DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery. In 1821 were published the Memoires de Billaud-Varenne ecrits d Port-au-Prince (Paris, 2 vols.), but they are probably forgeries. An interesting autobiographical See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of his youth, Tableau du premier See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, composed in 1786, was published in 1888 in the See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review, La Revolution francaise.

The facts of such a life need no comment. See, in addition to histories of the Revolution, F. A. See also:

AULARD, FRANCOIS

Aulard, Les Orateurs de la legislative et de la convention (2nd ed., 1906). (R. A.

End of Article: BILL

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