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NET ,' a fabric of See also:thread, See also:cord or See also:wire, the intersections of which are knotted so as to See also:form a mesh. The See also:art of netting is intimately related to See also:weaving, See also:knitting, plaiting and See also:lace-making, from all of which, however, it is distinguished by the knotting of the intersections of the cord. It is one of the most See also:ancient and universal of arts, having been practised among the most See also:primitive tribes, to whom the net is of See also:great importance in See also:hunting and fishing. Net-making, as a See also:modern See also:industry, is principally concerned with the manufacture of the numerous forms of net used in See also:fisheries, but netting is also largely employed for many other purposes, as for catching birds, for the temporary See also:division of See also:fields, for protecting See also:fruit in gardens, for screens and other See also:furniture purposes, for ladies' See also:hair, bags, appliances used in various See also:games, &c. Since the See also:early See also:part of the 19th See also:century numerous See also:machines have been invented for netting, and several of these have attained commercial success. Fishing nets were formerly made principally from See also:hemp fibre—technically called " twine "; but since the See also:adaptation of machinery to net-making See also:cotton has been increasingly used, such nets being More flexible and lighter, and more easily handled and stowed. The forms of fishing nets vary according to the manner in which they are intended to See also:act. This is either by entangling the See also:fish in their complicated folds, as in the trammel; receiving them into pockets, as in the trawl; suspending them by the See also:body in the meshes, as in the See also:mackerel-net; imprisoning them within their See also:labyrinth-like See also:chambers, as in the stake-net; or See also:drawing them to See also:shore, as in the See also:seine. The parts of a net are the See also:head or upper margin, along which the corks are strung upon a rope called the head-rope; the See also:foot is the opposite or See also:lower margin, which carries the foot-rope, on which in many cases leaden plummets are made fast. The meshes are the squares composing the net. The width of a net is expressed by the See also:term " over "; e.g. a See also:day-net is three fathoms See also:long and one over or wide. The See also:lever is the first See also:row of a net. There are also accrues, false meshes or quarterings, ,which are loops inserted in any given row, by which the number of meshes is increased. To See also:bread or breathe a net is to make a net. Dead netting is a piece without either accrues or See also:stole (stolen) meshes, which last means that a mesh is taken away by netting into two meshes of the preceding row at once. See also:Hand-Netting.—The tools used in hand-netting are the See also:needle, an See also:instrument for holding and netting the material; it is made with an See also:eye E, a See also:tongue T, and a See also:fork F (fig. I). The twine is See also:wound on it by being passed alternately between the fork and See also:round the tongue, so that the turns of the See also:string See also:lie parallel to the length of the needle; and are kept on by the tongue and fork. A spool or mesh-See also:pin is a piece of round or See also:flat See also:wood on which the loops are formed, the perimeter of the spool determining the See also:size of the loops. Each See also:loop contains two sides of the square mesh; therefore, supposing that it be required to make a mesh 1 in. square—that is, measuring 1 in. from See also:knot to knot, —a spool 2 in. in circumference must be used. Large meshes may be formed by giving the twine two or more turns round the spool, as occasion may require;'or the spool may be made fiat, and of a sufficient width. The method of making the hand-knot in nets known as the fisherman's knot is more easily acquired by example than described in See also:writing. Fig. 2 shows the course of the twine in forming a single knot.. From the last-formed knot the twine FIG. I.
passes over the front of the mesh-pin h, and is caught
behind by the little See also:finger of the See also:left hand, forming the loop s, thence it passes to the front and is caught at d by the left thumb, then through the loops s and m as indicated, after which the twine is released by the thumb and the knot is See also:drawn " taut " or tight. Fig. .3 is a See also:bend knot used for
uniting two ends of twine. a
See also:Machine-Netting.—In 1778 a netting-machine was patented by See also: It consists of an arrangement of hooks, needles and sinkers, one of each being required for every mesh FIG. 3. in the breadth being made. The needles hold the meshes, while the hooks seize the lower part of each and twist it into a loop. Through the See also:series of loops so formed a See also:steel wire is shot, carrying with it twine for the next range of loops. This twine the sinkers successively catch and depress sufficiently to form the two sides and loop of the next mesh to be formed. The knot formed by threading the loops is now tightened up, the last formed mesh is freed from the sinkers and transferred to the hooks, and the See also:process of looping, threading and knotting thus continues. Another form of net-loom, working on a principle distinct; from that of Paterson; was invented and patented in See also:France by Onesiphore Pecqueur in 184o, and again in France and in the United Kingdom in 1849. This machine was improved by many subsequent 1 This is a See also:common See also:Tent. word, of which the origin is unknown; it is not to be connected with " knit " or " knot." The term " net," i.e. remaining after all deductions, charges, &c., have been made, as in " net profit," is a variant of " neat," tidy, clean, See also:Lat. nitidus, shining. inventors; especially by Baudouin and Jouannin, patented in the United Kingdom in 1861. In this machine See also:separate threads or cords See also:running longitudinally for each division of the mesh are em- ployed (fig. 4). It will be observed that the alternate threads a and b are differently disposed—the a series being drawn into See also:simple loops over and through which the threads of the b series have to pass. On the machine the a series of
threads are arranged vertically,
while the b series are placed hori-
zontally in thin lenticular spools.
Over the See also:horizontal b series is a
range of hooks equal in number
with the threads, and set so that
they seize the b threads, raise
them, and give them a See also:double
twist, thus forming a row of open
loops. The loops are then de-
pressed, and, seizing the See also:vertical a
threads, draw them See also:crotchet-like
through the b loops into loops sufficiently long and open to pass
right over the spools containing the b threads (fig. 5), after which
it only remains to tighten the threads and
the mesh is See also:complete.
a Wire-netting, which is in extensive demand for See also:garden use, poultry coops, and numerous like purposes, is also a See also:twisted structure made principally by machine See also:power. The industry was mainly founded by See also: Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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