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FINGER , one of the five members with which the See also:hand is terminated, a See also:digit; sometimes the word is restricted to the four digits other than the thumb. The word is See also:common to See also:Teutonic See also:languages, cf. Dutch ringer and Ger. Finger; probably the ultimate origin is to be found in the See also:root of the words appearing in See also:Greek rim, See also:Lat. quinque, five. (See See also:SKELETON: A ppendicular.)
FINGER-AND-TOE, See also:CLUB ROOT or ANBURY, a destructive plant-disease known botanically as Plasmodiophora Brassicae, which attacks cabbages, turnips, radishes and other cultivated and See also:wild members of the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order See also:Cruciferae. It is one of the so-called Slime-See also:fungi or Myxogastres. The presence of the disease is indicated by nodules or warty outgrowths on the root, which sometimes becomes much swollen and ultimately rots, emitting an unpleasant See also:smell. The disease is contracted from spores See also:present in the See also:soil, which enter the root. The See also:parasite develops within the living cells of the plant, forming a glairy See also:mass of See also:protoplasm known as the plasmodium, the See also:form of which alters from See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time to time. The cells which have been attacked increase enormously in See also:size and the disease spreads from See also:cell to cell. Ultimately the plasmodium becomes resolved into numerous See also:minute See also:round spores which, on the decay of the root, are set See also:free in the soil. A preventive is quicklime, the
IO
The pre-Raphaeiites.
Contemporary tenden-
cies.
application of which destroys the spores in the soil. It is important that diseased See also:plants should be burned, also that cruciferous
Finger-and-Toe (Plasmodiophora Brassicae).
1, See also:Turnip attacked by the disease, reduced.
2, A cell of the See also:tissue containing the plasmodium; the smaller cells at the sides are unaffected.
3, Infected cell, showing spore formation. 2, 3, highly magnified.
weeds, such as shepherd's See also:purse, charlock, &c., should not be allowed to grow in places where plants of the same order are in cultivation.
FINGER-PRINTS.. The use of finger-prints as a See also:system of See also:identification - (q.v.) is of very See also:ancient origin, and was known from the earliest days in the See also:East when the impression of his thumb was the monarch's sign-See also:manual. A relic of this practice is still preserved in the formal See also:confirmation of a legal document by " delivering " it as one's " See also:act and See also:deed." The permanent See also:character of the finger-See also:print was first put forward scientifically in 1823 by J. E. Purkinje, an eminent See also:professor of See also:physiology, who read a See also:paper before the university of See also:Breslau, adducing nine See also:standard types of impressions and advocating a system of See also:classification which attracted no See also:great See also:attention. See also:Bewick, the See also:English draughtsman, struck with the delicate qualities of the lineation, made engravings of the impression of two of his finger-tips and used them as signatures for his See also:work. See also:Sir See also:Francis See also:Galton, who laboured to introduce finger-prints, points out that they were proposed for the identification of See also:Chinese immigrants when registering their arrival in the See also:United States. In See also:India, Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Herschel desired to use finger-prints in the courts of the See also:Hugli See also:district to prevent false See also:personation and See also:fix the identity upon the executants of documents. The See also:Bengal See also:police under the See also:wise See also:administration of Sir E. R. See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry, after-wards See also:chief See also:commissioner of the See also:London See also:metropolitan police, usefully adopted finger-prints for the detection of See also:crime, an example followed in many public departments in India. A See also:transfer of See also:property is attested by the thumb-See also:mark, so are documents when registered, and advances made to See also:opium-growers or to labourers on See also:account of See also:wages, or to contracts signed under the See also:emigration See also:law, or medical certificates to vouch for the persons examined, all tending to cheek the frauds and impostures constantly attempted.
The prints depend upon a peculiarity seen in the human hand and to some extent in the human See also:foot. The skin is traversed in all directions by creases and ridges, which are ineradicable and show no See also:change from childhood to extreme old See also:age. The persistence of the markings of the finger-tips has been proved beyond all question, and this universally accepted quality has been the basis of the present system of identification. The impressions, when examined, show that the ridges appear in certain fixed patterns, from which an See also:alphabet of signs or asystem of notation has been arrived at for convenience of See also:record. As the result of much experiment a fourfold See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of classification has been evolved, and the various types employed are styled " See also:arches," loops," " whorls " and " composites." There are seven subclasses, and all are perfectly; distinguishable by an See also:expert, who can describe each by its particular See also:symbol in the See also:code arranged, so that the whole " print " can be read as a distinct and See also:separate expression. Very few, and the simplest, appliances are required for taking the print—a See also:sheet of See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white paper, a See also:tin slab, and some printer's See also:ink. Scars or malformations do not interfere with the result.
The unchanging character of the finger-prints has repeatedly helped in the detection of crime. We may quote the See also:case of the thief who See also:broke into a See also:residence and among other things helped himself to a See also:glass of See also:wine, leaving two finger-prints upon the See also:tumbler which were subsequently found to be. identical with those of a notorious criminal who was arrested, pleaded guilty and was convicted. Another burglar effected entrance by re-moving a See also:pane of glass from a See also:basement window, but, unhappily for him, See also:left his imprints, which were referred to. the registry and found to agree exactly with those of a convict at large; his address was known, and when visited some of the stolen property was found in his See also:possession. In India a murderer was identified by the See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
brown mark of a See also:blood-stained thumb he had left when rummaging amongst the papers of the deceased. This See also:man was convicted of See also:theft but not of the See also:murder.
The See also:keystone to the whole system is the central See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office where the See also:register or See also:index of all criminals is kept for ready reference. The operators need no See also:special gifts or lengthy training; method and accuracy suffice, and abundant checks exist to obviate incorrect classification and reduce the liability to See also:error.
End of Article: FINGER
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