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flowers, which are succeeded by smooth, elongated, short-beaked pods. The varieties of turnip are classified according to their shape as (I) See also:

long varieties, with a root three or more times as long as broad; (2) See also:

TANKARD

tankard or spindle-shaped varieties, with a root about twice as long as broad; (3) See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round or globe varieties with an almost spherical root; (4) See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat varieties with a root broader than long; there are also many intermediate forms. Turnips are also grouped according to the See also:

COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the upper See also:

PART

part of the root which comes above ground, and according to the colour of the flesh, which is See also:

white or yellow. The yellow-fleshed varieties, many of which are probably hybrids between the turnip and swede, are more robust, of slower growth and See also:

SUPERIOR

superior feeding value to the white-fleshed turnips, and are less injured by See also:

frost.

The swede-turnip, Brassica campestris, var. Napo-brassica, differs from the turnip proper in having the first foliage-leaves glaucous, not grass-green, in colour, and the later leaves smooth and glaucous; the root bears a distinct See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck with well-marked See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-scars, the flesh is yellow or reddish-See also:

orange, firmer and morenutritious, and the roots keep much better during See also:

winter. The flowers are larger and See also:

BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff-yellow or See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale orange in colour and the seeds are usually larger and darker than in the turnip. Turnips should be grown in a See also:

rich friable sandy See also:

LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, such as will produce See also:

MEDIUM

medium-sized roots without much aid from the manure heap, and are better flavoured if grown in fresh See also:

SOIL

soil. In See also:

LIGHT

light dry soils well decomposed hotbed or farmyard manure is the best that can be used, but in soils containing an excess of organic See also:

MATTER

matter, See also:

bone dust, superphosphate of See also:

lime, wood-ashes or See also:

GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano, mixed with light soil, and laid in the drills before See also:

SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing the See also:

SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, are beneficial by stimulating the young See also:

PLANTS

plants to get quickly into rough leaf, and thus to grow out of reach of the so-called turnip See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly or turnip See also:

FLEA (O. Eng. fleah, or flea, cognate with flee, to run away from, to take flight)

flea (Phyllotreta). To get rid of this pest, it has been found beneficial to dust the plants with quicklime, and also to draw over the young plants nets smeared with some sticky substance like See also:

TREACLE

treacle, by which large See also:

numbers will be caught and destroyed. It has been also recommended as a palliative to sow thick in See also:

order to allow for a percentage of loss from this and other causes, but this is inadvisable, as over-crowding is See also:

apt to render the plants weak. As a preventive, See also:

gas-lime may be scattered over the See also:

SURFACE

surface after the seed has been sown. Lime is also effective against the disease known as " See also:

FINGER

finger and toe " (q.v.). The first sowing should be made on a warm border, with the See also:

PROTECTION

protection of a See also:

FRAME

frame or matted hoops, in See also:

JANUARY

January or See also:

FEBRUARY

February; the second on a well-sheltered border in See also:

March, after which a sowing once a See also:

month will generally suffice. In May and See also:

JUNE

June the See also:

plot should be in a cool moderately shaded position, lest the plants should suffer from drought. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal autumn and winter sowings, which are the most important, should be made about the end of June in the See also:

NORTHERN

northern districts, and in the beginning of See also:

JULY

July in warmer districts; a small sowing may be made at the end of See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August to come in before the spring-sown crops are ready.

If the See also:

WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather is showery at the See also:

time of sowing, the seed speedily germinates, and the young plants should be kept growing quickly by watering with. See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain or See also:

pond See also:

WATER

water and by surface stirrings. The drills for the earliest sorts need not be more than 15 in. apart, and the plants may be See also:

LEFT

left moderately thick in the See also:

ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row; the See also:

LATE

late crops should have at least 2 ft. between the rows, and be thinned to 12 in. in the row, a See also:

FREE

free circulation of See also:

air about them being very important in winter. As a See also:

PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision against prolonged periods of severe weather it has been recommended to See also:

lay the finest roots in rows, covering them well with soil, and leaving intact the whole of the foliage, The very latest sown crops of See also:

HALF

half-grown roots will prolong the See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply until the earliest spring-sown crops are See also:

fit for use.

End of Article: TURNIP

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