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MISSOURI
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MISSOURI , a See also:north-central See also:state of the See also:United States of See also:America, and one of the greatest and richest, and economically one of the most nearly See also:independent, in the See also:Union, lying almost midway between the two oceans, the Gulf of See also:Mexico and See also:Canada. It is bounded N. by See also:Iowa; E. by See also:Illinois, See also:Kentucky and See also:Tennessee; S. by See also:Arkansas; and W. by See also:Oklahoma, See also:Kansas and See also:Nebraska. Its N. and S. limits are mainly coincident with the See also:parallels of 400 35' and 36° 30' N. See also:lat.—the southernmost boundary, in the S.E. corner, is the See also:meridian of 36° N. lat.—and much of the western border is the meridian of 94° 43' W. See also:long. respectively; but natural boundaries are afforded on the extreme N.E. by the See also:Des Moines See also:river, on the E. by the See also:Mississippi, on the S.E. by the St See also:Francis and on the N.W. by the 1. The See also:prairie region embraces, accordingly, somewhat more than See also:northern " Missouri—i.e. the portion of the state north of the Missouri river—and somewhat more than a third of the state. It is a beautiful, See also:rolling See also:country, with a See also:great abundance of streams; more hilly and broken in its western than in its eastern See also:half. The See also:elevation in the extreme north-See also:west is about 1200. ft. and in the extreme north-See also:east about 500 ft., while the rim of the region to the See also:south-east, along the border of the Ozark region, has an elevation of about 900 ft. The larger streams have valleys 250 to 300 ft. deep and sometimes 8 to to m. broad, the country bordering them being the most broken of the region. The smaller streams have so eroded the whole See also:face of the country that little of the See also:original See also:surface See also:plain is to be seen. The Mississippi river is skirted through-out the length of the state by contours of 400 to 600 ft. elevation. 2. The Ozark region is substantially a See also:low See also:dome, with See also:local faulting and See also:minor undulations, dominated by a See also:ridge—or, more exactly, a relatively even See also:belt of highland—that runs from near the Mississippi about Ste See also:Genevieve See also:county to See also:Barry county on the Arkansas border; the See also:contour levels falling with decided regularity in all directions below this See also:crest. High rocky bluffs that rise precipitously on the Mississippi, sometimes to a height of 15o ft. or so above the See also:water, from the mouth of the Meramec to Ste Genevieve, See also:mark where that river cuts the Ozark ridge, which, across the river, is continued by the See also:Shawnee Hills in Illinois. The elevations of the crest in Missouri (the highest portion of the uplift is in Arkansas) vary from II00 to 1600 ft. This second physiographic region comprehends somewhat less than two-thirds of the See also:area of the state. The See also:Burlington escarpment, which in places is as much as 250 to 300 ft. in height, runs along the western edge of the Cambro-Ordovician formations and divides the region into an eastern and a western area, known respectively to physio- rphers as the See also:Salem Upland and the See also:Springfield Upland.' Super-ally, each is a See also:simple rolling See also:plateau, much broken by erosion (though considerable undissected areas drained by underground channels remain), especially in the east, and dotted with hills; some of these are residual outliers of the eroded Mississippian See also:lime-stones to the west, and others are the summits of an archaean See also:topography above which sedimentary formations that now constitute the valley-See also:floor about them were deposited and then eroded. There is no arrangement in chains, but only scattered rounded peaks and See also:short ridges, with winding valleys about them. The highest points in the state are Tom Sauk See also:Mountain (more than 1800 ft.), in See also:Iron county and See also:Cedar See also:Gap Plateau (1683 ft.), in See also:Wright county. Few localities have an elevation exceeding 1400 ft. Rather broad, smooth valleys, well degraded hills with rounded summits, and—despite the escarpments—generally smooth contours and See also:sky-lines, characterize the whole of this Ozark region. 3. The third region, the lowlands of the south-east, has an area of some 3000 sq. m. It is an undulating country, for the most See also:part well drained, but swampy in its lowest portions. The Mississippi is skirted with lagoons, lakes and morasses from Ste Genevieve to the Arkansas border, and in places is confined by levees. The drainage of the state is wholly into the Mississippi, directly or indirectly, and almost wholly into either that river or the Missouri within the See also:borders of the state. The latter stream, See also:crossing the state and cutting the eastern and western borders at or near St See also: Other caves include Fried's Cave, about 6 m. north-east of Rolla, See also:Phelps county, See also:Hannibal Cave (in Ralls county, about i m. south of Hannibal), which has a deep See also:pool containing many eyeless See also:fish; and various caverns in See also:Miller, Ozark, Greene and See also:Parry counties.
See also:Geology.—The See also:geological See also:history of the state covers the See also:period from Algonkian to See also:late Carboniferous See also:time, after which there is a gap in the See also:record until See also:Tertiary time, except that there was apparently a temporary depression of the north-western and south-western corners in the Cretaceous See also:age. Northern Missouri is covered with a See also:mantle of glacial deposits, generally thick, although in the stream valleys of the north-east the See also:bed-rocks are widely exposed. The See also:southern limit of these glacial deposits is practically the bluffs bordering the Missouri river, except for a narrow See also:strip along the Mississippi below St Louis. These See also:Pleistocene deposits include bouldery See also:drift, See also:loess, See also:terrace deposits and See also:alluvium. The till is generally less than 5 ft. and rarely more than 40 ft. deep, but in some localities it reaches a thickness of zoo ft., or even more. Modified drift and erratics were also widely deposited. The loess, however—reddish-See also: The St See also:Francois Mountains and the neighbouring portion of the Ozark region are capped with Archean rocks. All the See also:rest of the Ozark region except the extreme south-western corner of the state is Cambro-Ordovician. Along the margin of this great See also:deposit, on the Mississippi river below St Louis and along the northern See also:shore of the Missouri near its mouth, is an outcrop of Silurian. Parallel to this in the latter locality, and lying also along the Mississippi near by to the north, as well as in the intervening country between the two rivers, are strips of Devonian. Both this and the Silurian are mere fringes on the great area of Cambro-Ordovician. Next, covering the north-eastern and south-western corners of the state, and connecting them with a narrow belt, are the lower Carboniferous See also:measures (which also appear in a very narrow See also:band along the Mississippi for some distance below St Louis). The western edge of these follows an irregular See also:line from See also:Schuyler county, on the northern border, to See also:Barton county, on the western border, of the state, but with a great eastward projection north of the Missouri river, to See also:Montgomery county. This line defines the eastern limit of the See also:Coal Measures proper, which See also:cover a belt 20 to 8o m. in width. Finally, to the west of these, and covering the north-western corner of the state, are the upper coal measures. Thus the state is to be conceived, in geological history, as gradually built up around an Archean See also:island in successive seas, the whole of the state becoming dry See also:land after the See also:post-Carboniferous uplift. Until the post-Mesozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountain region the north-western portion of the state drained westward. See also:Fauna.—Excepting the embayment region, Missouri lies wholly within the Carolinian area of the Upper Austral See also:life-See also:zone; the 3 There has been some controversy as to whether this See also:condition is due to the elevation and corrosion of original flood-plain meanders after their development in a past See also:base-level condition—which theory is probably correct—or to the natural, simultaneous lateral and See also:vertical cut of an originally slightly sinuous stream, under such See also:special conditions of stream declivity and See also:horizontal bed-strata (conditions supposed by some to be peculiarly fulfilled in this region) as would be favourable to the requisite See also:balance of See also:bank cutting and channel incision. Missouri. Altogether, about 850 m., or considerably more than half of the entire boundary, is water-front: about 56o m. along the Mississippi, about zo8 m. along the Missouri, and about coo m. along the St Francis and Des Moines. The length of the state from north to south, disregarding the St Francis projection southward, is 282 m.,' the width from west to east varies from zo8 to 308 m., and the See also:total area is 69,420 sq. m., of which 693 sq. m. are water surface. See also:Physical Features.—Missouri has three distinct physiographic divisions: a north-western upland plain, or prairie region; a See also:lowland, in the extreme south-east; and, between these, the Missouri portion of the Ozark uplift. The boundary between the prairie and Ozark regions follows the Missouri river from its mouth to See also:Glasgow, See also:running thence south-westward, with irregular limits, but with a See also:direct trend, to Jasper county at the south-east corner of Kansas; and the boundary between the Ozark and embayment regions runs due south-west from Cape Girardeau. embayment lies in the Austro-riparian area of the same zone. Among See also:wild animals, See also:deer and See also:bear are not uncommon. Opossums, raccoons, woodchucks, foxes, grey squirrels and See also:fox-squirrels are See also:common. The See also:game birds include See also:quail ( "Bob White ") and partridges. Prairie chickens (pinnated See also:grouse), pheasants and wild turkeys, all very common as late as 188o, are no longer to be found See also:save in remote and thinly-settled districts. A state fish See also:commission has laboured to increase the common varieties of river fish. So far as these are an See also:article of See also:general See also:commerce, they come, like frogs, terrapin and turtles, mainly from the counties of the embayment region. See also:Mussel See also:fisheries, an See also:industry confined to the Mississippi river counties from See also:Lincoln to See also:Lewis, are economically important, as the shells are used in the manufacture of See also:pearl buttons. There are state fish-hatcheries at St Louis and St See also:Joseph. See also:Flora.—The most valuable forests are in the southern half of the state, which, except where cleared for farms, is almost continuously wooded. An almost entire See also:absence of underbrush is characteristic of Missouri forests. The finest See also:woods are on the eastern upland and on the Mississippi lowlands. The entire woodland area of the state was estimated at 41,000 sq. m. by the See also:national See also:census of 1900. Ash, oaks, See also:black and sweet gums, chestnuts, hickories, hard See also:maple, See also:beech, See also:walnut and short-See also:leaf See also:pine are noteworthy among the trees of the Carolinian area; the tupelo and bald See also:cypress of the embayment region, and long-leaf and loblolly pines, pecans and live oaks of the uplands, among those characteristic of the Austro-riparian. But the habitats overlap, and persimmons and magnolias of different See also:species are common and notable in both areas. The heavy See also:timber in the south-eastern counties (cypress, &c.), and even scattered stands of such valuable woods as walnut, white See also:oak and red-See also:gum, have already been considerably exploited. See also:Climate.—Missouri has a See also:continental climate, with wide range of moisture and temperature. The Ozark uplift tempers very agreeably the summers in the south, but does not affect the climate of the state as a whole. The normal mean See also:annual temperature for the entire state is about 54° F.; the normal monthly means through the See also:year are approximately 29'6, 30'3, 42, 55.4, 64'6, 73'2, 77'1, 75'7, 68.2, 57, 42.8 and 33.1° F. The south-eastern corner is crossed by an annual See also:isotherm of 60°, the north-western by one of 50°; and although in the former region sometimes not a See also:day in the year may show an See also:average temperature below freezing-point, at See also:Jefferson City there are occasionally two months of freezing See also:weather, and at See also:Rockport three. Nevertheless, the yearly means of the five districts into which the state is divided by the national weather service exhibit very slight differences: approximately 52.1, 52.7, 54.4, 56.1 and 55.7° F. respectively for the north-west, north-east, central, south-east and south-west. On the other See also:hand, the range in any See also:month of local See also:absolute temperatures over the state is habitually great (normally about 5o° in the hottest and loo° or more in the coldest months), and likewise the annual range for individual localities (90° to 1400). Temperatures as high as too° to 105° and as low as -2o° or -3o° are recorded locally almost every year, and the maximum range of extremes shown by the records is from 116° at Marble See also: See also:Agriculture.—Few states have so great a variety of soils. This variety is due to the presence of different forms of glacial drift, and to the variety of surface rocks. The northern half of the state is well watered and extremely fertile. The south-eastern embayment is See also:rich to an exceptional degree. Speaking generally, the Ozark region is characterized by reddish See also:clays, mixed with gravels and stones, and cultivable in inverse proportion to the amount of these elements; northern Missouri by a generally black See also:clay See also:loam over a clay subsoil, with practically no admixture of stones; the southern prairies, above referred to, See also:share the characteristics of those north of the Missouri. The Mississippi embayment is in parts predominantly sandy, in others clayey; it is mainly under timber. The state as a whole is devoted predominantly to agriculture. Within its borders or See also:close about them are the centres of total and of improved See also:farm acreage, of total farm values, of See also:gross farm income, of the growth of See also:Indian See also:corn, of See also:wheat, and of oats. In 1900 agriculture absorbed the labour of 41.3 % of the total working See also:population of the state. Of the area of the state 77.3 % was
Minerals.—Coal, See also:lead, See also:zinc, clays, See also:building stones and iron are the most important minerals. See also:Cobalt and See also:nickel are associated with lead in the St Francois See also: Missouri is also the largest producer in the Union of See also:tripoli and of See also:barytes. See also:Copper occurs in various localities, but is of economic importance only in the Ozark uplift; it was first See also:mined in small quantities in 1837. The value of the copper mined in 1906 (based on smelter returns) was $54,347. See also:Mineral See also:waters—muriatic, alkaline chalybeate and sulphuric—occur widely. Various mineral paint bases (apart from lead, zinc, baryta and See also:kaolin) are produced in small quantities. Iron, once an extremely important product, has ceased since about 1880 to be significant in the general production of the country. But it is of great importance to the state, nevertheless, and its production has possibilities much beyond See also:present realization. The ore occurs in two forms, haematites and limonites; the specular hematites often being grouped, for See also:practical purposes, into two classes—those occurring in See also:porphyry and those occurring in See also:sandstone. The haematites are found not only in the archean porphyries but in Cambrian limestone and sandstone, and in the sub-Carboniferous formations; while the limonites are confined almost exclusively to the Cambrian. The bedded haematites and limonites have been little exploited. See also:Mining was begun in Iron and See also:Crawford counties in the second See also:decade of the 19th See also:century; at Iron Mountain in 1846, and at Pilot Knob in the next year. Since 188o the output of the state has been falling, and the total production up to 1902 did not exceed 9,000,000 tons of ore; in 1906 the output was 80,910 tons. Iron See also:pyrites, which occurs widely and abundantly, has become of value as material for the preparation of sulphuric See also:acid. The limits of the coal belt have already been defined. The area of the Coal Measures is about 23,000 sq. m., and that of those classed by the National Geological Survey as probably productive is about 14,000 sq. m., or nearly the entire area of the lower measures. The coal is almost wholly bituminous, with very little cannelite. The seams are generally from one to five feet in thickness. See also:Macon, See also:Lafayette and See also:Adair are the leading counties in output; See also:Lexington and Bevier are the leading mining centres. The total output from 184o to 1902 was about 78,500,000 short tons; the annual output first passed 1,000,000 tons in 1876, and 2,000,000 tons in 1882; and from 1901 to 1905 the yearly output, steadily increasing, aver-aged 4,196,688 tons, of a value at the mines of $6,266,154; the output in 1908 was 3,317,315 tons, with a spot value of $5,444,907. Superficial evidences of natural See also:gas and See also:petroleum are abundant in western and north-western Missouri, but these have not been found in commercially profitable quantities. The total value of natural gas from See also:wells in Missouri in 1908 was $22,592. A few small oil wells are open near the Kansas line. Both crude oil and natural gas are See also:drawn from Kansas for the See also:supply of Kansas City and other parts of western Missouri. Lead occurs in three areas in southern Missouri. In the first, of which St Francois county is the centre, it occurs generally alone disseminated in Cambrian limestone; in the second, of which the counties immediately south-west of Jefferson City are the centre, it occurs with zinc in reticulated deposits and fissure See also:veins in clays and clastic limestones; and in the third, of which Jasper county is much the most important county, the two metals occur in pockets and See also:joints in the Burlington-See also:Keokuk beds of the sub-Carboniferous: The first is the great lead area, the third the great zinc area; the second is no longer of relative importance. The lead ores are See also:galena and carbonate; the zinc ores, See also:calamine, smithsonite and See also:blende. The mines in the St Francois field were worked by the See also:French from See also:early in the 18th century. The See also:oldest, Mine La Motte (Madison county), discovered in 1715 by De la Motte See also:Cadillac, is still a heavy producer. St Francois county alone produces about nine-tenths the yield of the field; Madison, See also:Washington, Jefferson and See also:Franklin counties furnish most of the See also:remainder. arge quantities of lead are also obtained from the zinc field of the south-west. Both the St Francois and Jasper ores yield from 70 to 75% of See also:metal in final product, and assay even higher. It has been estimated that down to 1893 1,100,000 tons of ore, yielding metal See also:worth $74,000,000, had been taken from the state, fully half of this having been mined in the preceding twenty years. The total output for the state in 1908 was 114,459 tons, valued at $12,134,556; of this 116,531 tons came from the central and south-east field, and of the remainder 15,240 tons from the See also:Webb City—Prosperity See also:camp. Zinc was originally a hindering by-product of lead mining in the south-west, and was thrown away; but it long ago became the See also:chief product in value in this field. The so-called Joplin See also:district " of south-western Missouri and south-eastern Kansas—three-fourths of it being in Missouri—produces nine-tenths of all the zinc mined in the United States. Mining in south-western Missouri began about 1851, but zinc was of no importance in the output until 1872. In the next See also:thirty-one years the aggreate product was about 3,000,000 tons of ore, worth some See also:Ioo,000,000. The output from 1894 to 1905 averaged 219,874 tons of ore yearly; in 1908 it was 107,404 tons. The history of the St Francois, See also:Granby and Joplin districts has been sensational. The fortunes of the last have largely revolutionized the conditions and prospects of the south-western counties. See also:Silver is found in connexion with lead and zinc mining; in 1908 the total output was 49,131 OZ., valued at $26,039. Clays occur in amounts and varieties surpassed by the deposits in very few if any states of the Union. They are in every See also:form from the rare to the common=See also:glass pot clay, See also:ball clays, kaolins, See also:flint fireclays, plastic fireclays, stone-See also:ware clays, paving-See also:brick shales, building-brick and See also:gumbo clays. Plastic fireclays, paving and brick clays are available in seemingly limitless quantities. The loess, the re-sorted residual clays, and the glacial clays are all used for the production of brick. Clays occur, in short, all over the state; and their use is almost as general. In 1905 and 1907 the See also:rank of Missouri was See also:sixth in the Union in the value of clay products—namely, $6,203,411 in 1905 and $6,898,871 in 1907. There has been no more than the slightest beginning made in the utilization of these resources. Stone resources are also large. Limestones are by far the most important; red and See also: Between 1880 and 1900 the value of the product increased from $165,386,205 to $385,492,784, of which $316,304,095 was the value of products of the " factory system "; in 1905 the factory product was valued at $439,548,957. Of the total output in 1900, three-fourths were made up by the output of St Louis ($233,629,733; of which $193,732,788 was from establishments under the " factory system "), Kansas City ($36,527,392; $23,588,653 being " factory product "), St Joseph ($31,690,736, including the product of some establishments outside the city limits; $11,361,939 being " factory product " within the city limits), and Springfield ($4,126,871; $3,433,800 being " factory product "); for the same four cities in 1905 the proportion of the state's total product ($439,548,957) manufactured under the " factory system " is smaller, and less than three-fourths-was made up by the following seven cities: St Louis ($267,307,038), Kansas City ($35,573,049), St Joseph ($11,573,720), Springfield ($5,293,315), Hannibal ($4,442,099), Jefferson City ($3,926,632), and Joplin ($3,006,203). In 1905 the eleven municipalities with a population of at least 8000 each (including the seven above, and See also:Carthage,
See also:Moberly, See also:Sedalia and Webb City) produced, under the " factory system," goods valued at $335,431,978. Eighteen See also:industries in 1905 employed nearly three-fifths of the wage-earners in factories and were represented by nearly two-thirds ($293,882,705) of the total product. The most prominent items in this were slaughtering and See also:meat-packing products (value $60,031,133 in 1905); See also:tobacco (in 1905, $30,884,182), See also:flour and grist-See also: Communications.—In 1900 rather under a fifth of the working population were engaged in trade and transportation. In commerce as well as in manufactures St Louis is first among the cities of the state, but Kansas City also is one of the greatest railway centres of the country, and the trade with the south-west, which St Louis once held almost undisputed, has been greatly cut into by Kansas City, as well as by See also:Galveston and other ports on the Gulf. There is still considerable commerce on the Mississippi from St Louis to New See also: Population.—The total population of Missouri in Igor) was 3,106,665 and in 1910, 3,293,335. The population in 1810 was 20,845; in 1820, 66,586; in 1830, 140,455; in 1840, 383,702; in 1850, 682,044; in 186o, 1,182,012; in 1870, 1,721,295; in 188o, 2,168,380; and in 1890, 2,679,184. Thus, even in the years of the See also:Civil See also:War, there was no apparent set-back. Of the aggregate of Igloo, 63.7 % lived in " rural districts " (i.e. those outside all places of a population of 2500 or upwards), and 27.1 % in the three great cities of the state, St Louis (pop. 575,238), Kansas City (163,752) and St Joseph (102,979); 5'2 % were negroes—their increase from 1890 to 1900 being less than half as rapid as that of the whites; and 7•o % only were foreign-See also:born. Slightly more than half of all foreigners are Germans; Irish, See also:English and Scotch, French and English Canadians, Swiss and Scandinavians following. The See also:German See also:element is, and has been since about 185o, of great importance—an importance not indicated at all by its apparently small strength in the population to-day. The German See also:immigration began about 1845, and long ago passed its maximum, so that in 1900 more than half of all the foreign-born (not only the Germans, but also the later-coming nationalities) had lived within Missouri for more than twenty years, and more than three-fourths of all had been residents of the state for ten I Omitting here See also:printing and See also:publishing, and foundry and See also:machine-shop products, which (like carpentering, bakery products, &c., in cities) have little distinctive in them to set Missouri off from other states. But it is to be noted that St Louis is one of the leading producers of See also:street-railway cars. years or more. Thus the foreign element is an old one, and other See also:statistics show that it is being effectively absorbed into the native See also:mass by intermarriage.' The German See also:influence has been See also:felt in See also:education and in the anti-See also:slavery cause. The early settlers of the state were practically all from Kentucky, Tennessee, See also:Virginia and the old slave-states of the south-east, and their influence was easily dominant in the state until well after the Civil War (about 1875), when northerners first began to enter the state in large numbers. The south-western Ozarks were settled originally by mountaineers from Kentucky and Tennessee, and retained a See also:character of social primitiveness and See also:industrial backwardness until after the Civil War. This region has been industrially regenerated by the mine development. In addition to St Louis,' Kansas City and St Joseph, the leading cities in 1900 were Joplin, Springfield, Sedalia, Hannibal, Jefferson City, Carthage, Webb City and Moberly.
As Missouri was originally a French See also:colony the See also:Roman See also:Catholic is its oldest See also: The See also:grand See also:jury was reduced to twelve members, and nine concurring may indict. The township system may be adopted by county See also:option, but has not been widely established, though purely administrative (not corporate) " townships " are an essential part of state administration. St Louis and Kansas City have adopted their own charters under constitutional See also:provision. Up to 1909 37 constitutional amendments were submitted to the people for adoption or rejection, and 22 were adopted. Three of these (1900) restrict the calling of the grand jury, permit two-thirds of a See also:petit jury to render verdicts in courts not of record, and three-fourths to give See also:verdict in civil
' In 1900 only one See also:person in six had both parents of foreign See also:birth.
2 St Louis was the See also:capital in 1812-182o, St See also: There is nothing extraordinary in the general judicial system. The civil law seems to have had only a tacit, and as soon as American immigration began a limited, application. The common law was introduced with the American settler, and after 1804 was the explicitly declared basis of judicature. Practically no trace of French and See also:Spanish administration was See also:left except in the land registers. The See also:metropolitan primacy of St Louis and Kansas City is reflected in the general organization of the courts. The See also:Bureau of Labor Statistics maintains See also:free employment-bureaus in St Louis, Kansas City and St Joseph. There is also a State See also:Board of See also:Mediation and See also:Arbitration to See also:settle labour disputes. A Board of Rail-road and Warehouse Commissioners, elected by the people, was established in 1875, under a provision of the constitution requiring the General Assembly to establish maximum rates and provide against discriminations.' The See also:homestead of a housekeeper or See also:head of a See also:family, together with the rents and products of the same, is exempt from See also:levy and See also:attachment except to satisfy its liabilities at the time he acquired it. A homestead so exempted is, however, limited to 18 sq. rods of ground and to $3000 in value if it is in a city having a population of 40,000 or more, to 30 sq. rods and $15oo in value if it is in a city having a population of 10,000 and less than 40,000, to 5 acres and $1500 in value if it is in an incorporated See also:place having a population of less than 10,000, and to 16o acres and $15oo in value if it is in the country. A See also:husband owning a homestead is debarred from selling or mortgaging it without the See also:joinder of his wife, and if the husband See also:dies leaving a widow or minor See also:children the homestead passes to either or to both jointly, and may be so held until the youngest See also:child is twenty-one years of age or until the See also:marriage or See also:death of the widow. The See also:principal grounds for See also:divorce are See also:impotence, See also:bigamy, See also:adultery, conviction of See also:felony or other infamous See also:crime subsequent to the marriage or before the marriage if unknown to the other party, See also:desertion or habitual See also:drunkenness for one year, such cruel or barbarous treatment as to endanger the life of the other, such conduct as to render the condition of the other intolerable, and See also:vagrancy of the husband; but before applying for a divorce the See also:plaintiff must reside in the state for one year immediately preceding, unless the cause of See also:action was given within the state or while the plaintiff was a See also:resident of the state. A married woman may hold and See also:manage See also:property as if she were single. She is entitled to the See also:wages for her See also:separate labour and that of her children, and is not liable for her husband's debts. A widow has a See also:dower right to one-third of her husband's real See also:estate and to the share of a child in his See also:personal estate. If a husband dies without leaving children or other descendants, the widow is entitled to all the real and personal estate which came to him by marriage, to what remains of the personal property which came into his See also:possession by the written consent of his wife, and to one-half his other real and personal property at the time of his death. If a husband dies leaving descendants only by a former marriage, the widow may take in lieu of dower the personal property that came to him by means of marriage, or if there be children by both marriages she may take in lieu of her dower right to his real estate an absolute right therein See also:equivalent to the share of a child. Her dower is not lost by a divorce resulting from the See also:fault or misconduct of the husband. A widower is entitled to a share in his wife's personal estate equal to the share. of a child, and if there are In 1907, in Missouri, as in various other states, passenger rates were reduced by law to 2 cents per mile; but this law was declared unconstitutional in 1909. no descendants he has an absolute right to one-half of her property, both real and personal. Finance.—See also:Revenue is drawn mainly from a general property tax. In 1904 the gross valuation of all taxable wealth was put at $1,155,402,647, and See also:taxation for state purposes aggregated $o.17 per $1000.1 In the years 1851–1857 a See also:debt of $23,701,000 was incurred in aiding railways, and all the roads made See also:default during the Civil War. The state could not meet its See also:guarantee obligations (hence the strict bonding provisions of the constitution of 1875), and in 1865 had a bonded debt of above $36,000,000. This was reduced to $21,675,000 by 1869, and in 1903 was wholly extinguished, every See also:obligation having been fully discharged. A small debt' (at the close of 1906, $4,398,839) is carried in the form of non-negotiable state certificates of indebtedness issued in See also:exchange for See also:money taken from the educational funds of the state, and is intended as a permanent obligation to those funds. An amendment to the constitution adopted in 1908 permitted counties to make an extra levy of 25 cents on each loo dollars valuation for the construction and repair of roads and bridges.
Charitable and Penal Institutions.—The charitable and penal institutions of the state include the See also:penitentiary at Jefferson City, opened in 1836, which is self-supporting; a training school for boys at See also:Boonville (opened 1889), an industrial See also:home for girls at See also:Chillicothe (established 1887), hospitals for the insane at See also:Fulton (1847), St Joseph (opened 1874), See also:Nevada (1887), and Farmington (1899); a school for the See also:blind at St Louis (opened 1851); a school for the See also:deaf at Fulton (opened 1851); a colony for the feeble-minded and epileptic at See also:Marshall (established 1899) ; a state sanitorium, for consumptives, at See also:Mount See also:Vernon (established 1905, opened 1907) ; a Federal soldiers' home at St See also: In the years after 1887 one-third of the total revenue was appropriated to the public common schools; and in 1908 the total appropriation for public schools, normal schools and the state university was about three-fifths of the entire state revenue. Local taxation is another source of the school funds. In 1908 the total school fund, including state, county, township and special district funds, was about $14,000,000, of which the state fund was nearly one-third. The schools of St Louis have a very high reputation. Among institutions of higher learning the university of Missouri at See also:Columbia is the chief one maintained by the state. It was opened to students in 1841, received aid for the first time from the state in 1867; See also:women were first admitted to the mormal See also:department in 1869, to the See also:academic department in 187o, and soon afterwards to all departments. In addition to the academic department or See also:college proper, the university embraces special schools of pedagogics (1868), agriculture and mechanic arts (187o), mines and metallurgy (187o, at Rolla), law (1872), See also:medicine (1873), See also:fine arts (1878), See also:engineering (1877), military See also:science, commerce, a See also:graduate school of arts and sciences (1896), and a department of journalism (1908). An experiment station supported by the national government was established in 1888, and is part of the school of agriculture. The state Board of Agriculture organizes educational farmers' institutes; and agriculture is taught, moreover, in the normal schools of the 1 The constitutional provision requiring assessments at See also:cash vaivations is not at all observed; according to the State Revenue Commission of 1902 the average tax valuation was 40 to 50% of the real value. The national censuses of 188o and 1890 (no estimate being made in 1900) put the total value of all property at $1,562,000,000 and $2,397,902,945 respectively. 2 In 1902 the bonded debts of counties and townships aggregated $8,066,878; that of towns and cities (mostly that of St Louis), $31,193,870.state. Of these five are maintained as follows: at See also:Kirksville (1870), at See also:Warrensburg (established 1870), at Cape Girardeau (established 1873), at Springfield (established 1905), at Maryville (established 1905), and there is a normal department in connexion with the Lincoln See also:Institute, for negroes, at Jefferson City. Lincoln Institute (opened in 1866) is for negro men and women. The basis of its endowment was a fund of $6379 contributed in 1866 by the 62nd and 65th regiments U.S. Colored See also:Infantry upon their See also:discharge from the service; it has agricultural, industrial, sub-normal, normal and collegiate departments. Among privately endowed schools the greatest is Washington University in St Louis; it is non-sectarian and was opened in 1857. Noteworthy, too, is the St Louis University, opened in 1829, the oldest institution for higher learning west of the Mississippi; it is a Jesuit college and the See also:parent school of six other Jesuit institutions in the states of the See also:middle west. There are many minor colleges and schools, most of them co-educational, and special colleges or See also:academies for women are maintained by different religious sects. Finally, there are various professional schools, most of them in St Louis and Kansas City. History.—The early French explorers of the Mississippi valley left the first trace of See also:European connexion in the history of Missouri. Ste Genevieve was settled in 1735; Fort Orleans, two-thirds of the way across the state up the Missouri river, had been temporarily established in 1720; the famous Mine La Motte, in Madison county, was opened about the same time; and before the See also:settlement of St Louis, the Missouri river was known to trappers and hunters for hundreds of See also:miles above its mouth. It was in 1764 that St Louis (q.v.) was founded. Two years before, the portion of See also:Louisiana west of the Mississippi had secretly passed to See also:Spain, and in 1763 the portion east passed to See also:England. When the English took possession a large part of the people in the old French settlements removed west of the river.. Not until 1770, after O'Reilly had established Spanish See also:rule by force at New Orleans, did a Spanish officer at St Louis take actual possession of the upper country; another on the ground, in 1768–1769, had forborne to assert his See also:powers in the face of the unfriendly attitude of the inhabitants. Spanish administration began in 1771. French remained the See also:official See also:language, and administration was so little altered that the people quickly See also:grew reconciled to their changed See also:allegiance. Settlement was confined to a fringe of villages along the Mississippi. French-See also:Canadian hunters and trappers, and soon the river boatmen, added an element of See also:adventure and colour in the See also:primitive life of the colony. Lead and See also:salt and peltries were sent to See also:Montreal, New Orleans, and up the Ohio river to the See also:Atlantic cities. The Americans were hospitably received; the immigrants, even See also:Protestant clergymen, enjoyed by official See also:goodwill See also:complete religious See also:toleration; and after about 1796 latish land grants to Americans were made by the authorities, who wished to strengthen the colony against anticipated attacks by the See also:British, from Canada. Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia furnished most of the new-comers. The French had lived in villages and maintained considerable communal life; the Americans scattered on homesteads. With them came land See also:speculation, litigiousness, the development of mines and mining-camp law, and, the See also:passion of politics, of which duels were one feature of early days. In 1804 there were some 1o,000 inhabitants in Upper Louisiana (mainly in Missouri), and of these three-fifths were Americans and their negroes. Racial antipathies were unimportant, and all parties were at least passively acquiescent when Louisiana became a part of the United States. On the 9th of March 1804, at St Louis, Upper Louisiana was formally transferred. In 1818, after passing meanwhile through four stages of limited selfgovernment,3 that portion of the Purchase now included in the state of Missouri made application for See also:admission to the Union as a state.4 In 1812–1813 a remarkable See also:earthquake devastated the region about New See also:Madrid. A large region was sunken, enormous fissures were opened in the See also:earth, the surface See also:soil was displaced 3 In 1804, the District of Louisiana, in the administrative system of the Territory of See also:Indiana; in 1805, an independent government, renamed the Territory of Louisiana; in 1812, the Territory of Missouri; in 1816, another grade of territorial government. 4 Until 1836 the state boundary in the north-west was the meridian of the mouth of the Kansas river drawn due north to the Iowa line. The addition of the triangle west of that line—the so-called See also:Platte Purchase—violated the Missouri See also:Compromise. and altered, and great lakes were formed along the Mississippi. One of these, Reelfoot See also:Lake, east of the river, is 20 M. long and 7 wide, and so deep that boats See also:sail over the submerged tops of tall trees. Indian troubles again disturbed the See also:peace during the second war with Great See also:Britain. By 18o8 the Indian See also:title was extinguished to two-thirds of the state, though actual settlement did not extend more than a few miles westward from the Mississippi; in 1825, by a treaty with the Shawnee made at St Louis on the 7th of November, the title to the rest of the state was cleared, and a general removal of the See also:Indians followed. Meanwhile, after the peace of 1815 a great immigration had set in, many settlers coming from the free states north of the Ohio. The application for statehood precipitated one of the most famous and significant episodes of national history—the Missouri Compromise (q.v.). In See also:August 1821, after three years of See also:bitter controversy, Missouri was formally admitted to statehood. In the four decades before the Civil War, two matters stand out as most distinctive in the history of the state: the trouble with the See also:Mormons, and the growth of river and prairie trade. In 1831–1832 Joseph See also: No steamer traversed the Mississippi above the Ohio until 1817, nor was a voyage made between New Orleans and St Louis, nor the lower Missouri entered, until 1819. In 1832 a steamer ran to the mouth of the Yellowstone, and in 1890 the last commercial trip was made to old Fort Benton (Great Falls), See also:Montana. The See also:interval of years witnessed the growth of a river trade and its "See also:gradual decline as point after point on the river—Kansas City, St Joseph, See also:Council Bluffs (Iowa), Sioux Falls (South Dakota) and See also:Helena (Montana)—was reached and commanded by the railways. In 1906–1907 an active See also:campaign was begun at Kansas City for improving the channel of the Missouri and stimulating river freighting below that point. Among events leading up to the Civil War, first the See also:annexation of Texas and then the war with Mexico left special impress on Missouri history. Since 1828, when national political parties were first thoroughly organized in the state, the Democrats had been supreme, and carried Missouri on the See also:pro-slavery side of every issue of free and slave territory. But there was always a strong body of anti-slavery sentiment,2 nevertheless; and this ' In 1855 its value was estimated at $5000,000. In 186o it was much greater. In the latter year the trade employed 3000 wagons, 62,000 oxen and mules, and 7000 men. 2 Under the constitution of 1820 the General Assembly had See also:power to emancipate the slaves with the consent of their masters. In 1828 Senator T. H. Benton and others prepared a See also:plan for educating the slaves and gradually emancipating them under state law; and undoubtedly a considerable party would have supported such a project, for the Whigs and Democrats were not then divided along party lines on the slavery issue; but nothingtook organized form in 1849, when Senator Benton repudiated certain ultra pro-slavery instructions, breathing a secession spirit, passed by the General Assembly for the guidance of the representatives of the state in Congress. From that time until his death he organized and led the anti-disunion party of the state, Francis See also:Preston See also:Blair, jun., succeeding him as leader. The struggle over Kansas (q.v.) aroused tremendous passion in Missouri. Her border counties furnished the See also:bogus citizens who invaded Kansas to carry the first territorial elections, and soon See also:guerrilla forays back and forth gave over the border to a See also:carnival of crime and plunder. Political conditions were chaotic. In the presidential election of 186o, See also:Douglas received the electoral vote of the state, the only one he carried in the Union. The Republicans had little strength outside St Louis, where the German element was strong. A party led" by Claiborne F. See also:Jackson, the governor-elect, was resolved to carry the state out of the Union. Such secession, it was supposed, would-carry the other border states out also. With equal See also:blindness the Secessionists favoured, and the Republicans opposed, the calling of a special state convention to decide the issue of secession. The election showed that popular sentiment was overwhelmingly hostile to secession; and the convention, by a vote of 8o to 1, resolved (March 4, 1861) that Missouri had " no adequate cause " therefor. Governor Jackson thereupon sought to attain his ends by intrigue, and the national See also:arsenal at St Louis became the See also:objective of both parties. It was won by the unconditional-union men, but a smaller arsenal at See also:Liberty was seized by the Secessionists. Governor Jackson refused point-See also:blank to See also:con-See also:tribute the See also:quota of troops from Missouri called for by See also:President Lincoln. Aggressive conflict really opened at St Louis on the loth of May, and armed hostilities began in See also:June. On the loth of August 1861 at See also: C. See also:Fremont at St Louis in August 1861, though promptly disavowed by President Lincoln, precipitated the issue. The state convention, after voting against secession, had adjourned, and after various sessions was dissolved in See also:October 1863. Assuming revolutionary powers, it deposed Governor Jackson and other state officers, appointed their successors, declared vacant the seats of members of the Assembly, and abrogated the disloyal acts of that body. In October 1861 a rump of the deposed Assembly passed an See also:act of secession, which the Confederate States saw See also:fit to regard as legitimate, and under which they admitted Missouri to their union by See also:declaration of the 28th of November. In 1862 the convention rejected the President's See also:suggestion of gradual emancipation, disfranchised Secessionists, and prepared a strong See also:oath of allegiance. In the summer of 1863 the convention decreed emancipation with See also:compensation to owners. This did not satisfy the See also:Radical Republicans, and on the issue of came of the plan, and the manner of its defeat proves that it could not possibly have been pushed to success The trouble over Lovejoy's printing office at St Louis (1833–1836) put an effectual end to the See also:movement for emancipation. ' Compare the vote of 1861. The Union death-See also:roll of See also:Massachusetts (troops furnished, 159,165) was 13,942, that of Missouri 13,887. immediate and unconditional emancipation they swept the state in November 1864. By the constitution of 1865 slavery was abolished outright.' The convention of 1861, by maintaining continuous government, had saved the state from anarchy and from reconstruction by the national power; but an ironclad test oath (it required denial of See also:forty-five distinct offences) was provided, to be taken by all voters, state, county and municipal officers, lawyers, jurors, teachers and clergymen. Its attempted enforcement was a See also:grave See also:error of See also:judgment, and was attended by great abuses, and it was finally held unconstitutional by the United States Supreme See also:Court. The legislature, however, maintained its ends by See also:registration See also:laws that reduced to impotence the Democratic electorate. The Radical Republicans held control until 187o, when they were defeated by a See also:combination of Liberal Republicans and Democrats,2 and the test-oath and the rest of the intolerant legislation of the war period were swept away. In 1872 the Democrats gained substantial control, and after 1876 their power was established beyond See also:challenge. The constitution of 1875 closed the war period with blanket amnesties. Though in politics habitually Democratic, Missouri has generally had a strong opposition party—Whig in antebellum days, and since the war, Republican—which in 'See also:recent years has made political conditions increasingly unstable. This instability is shown in congressional and local rather than in general state elections. In 1908 a Republican governor was elected, the first for more than thirty years. The See also:Governors of Missouri since 1804 have been as follow:—Territorial Period. Party See also:Affiliation. Service. James See also:Wilkinson Appointed 1805–1806 Joseph Brown (acting governor) 1806–1807 See also:Frederick See also:Bates ... 1807
Meriwether Lewis Appointed 18o7–18o9
Frederick Bates (acting governor) 1809–1810
See also:Benjamin See also:Howard Appointed 1810–1812
Frederick Bates (acting governor) 1812–1813
See also: Marmaduke (acting governor) . . . . 1844
John C. See also:Edwards Democrat '1844–1848
See also:Austin A. See also: A convention of Liberals that met at Jefferson City in See also:January 1872 issued to all Republicans favourable to reform within the party an invitation to meet at See also:Cincinnati in May; and this was the convention of revolters against General Grant that nominated See also:Horace See also:Greeley of New See also:York and B. Gratz Brown of Missouri as Liberal Republican candidates for the See also:presidency and See also:vice-presidency respectively. The first definite organization of the Liberal Republican party may therefore be said to have been made in Missouri in 1870. 3 From 1820–1844 the elections were in August and inaugurations in November; Governor King served from the. 27th of December 1848 till January 1853; thereafter the inauguration was in January, and beginning with 1864 the election was in November. The term was four years except under the constitution of 1865. Party Affiliation. Service. .. . 1861–1864 .... 1864–1865 Republican 1865–1869 1869–1871 Liberal Republican 1871–1873 (and Democrat) 1873—1875 Democrat 1875-1877 1877–1881 1881–1885 1885–1887 . . . . . Additional information and CommentsThere are no comments yet for this article.
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