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KAOLIN , a pure See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
white See also:clay, know also as See also:china-clay, since it is an essential ingredient in the manufacture of china, or See also:porcelain. The word kaolin, formerly written by some authors caulin, is said to be a corruption of the See also:Chinese Kau-See also:ling, meaning " High See also:Ridge," the name of a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill See also:east of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King-te-chen, whence the earliest samples of the clay sent to See also:Europe were obtained by the Pere d'Entrecolles, a See also:French Jesuit missionary in China in the See also:early See also:part of the 18th See also:century. His specimens, examined in See also:Paris by R. A. See also:Reaumur, showed that true porcelain, the See also:composition of which had not previously been known in Europe, contained two essential ingredients, which came to be known —though it now appears incorrectly—as kaolin and petuntse, corresponding respectively to our china-See also:day and china-See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone. The kaolin confers plasticity on the See also:paste and secures retention of See also:form for the See also:ware when exposed to the See also:heat of the See also:kiln, whilst the petuntse gives the translucency so characteristic of porcelain. Some of the earliest discoveries of kaolin in Europe were at Aue, near See also:Schneeberg in See also:Saxony, and at St Yrieix, near See also:Limoges in See also:France. In See also:England it was discovered in See also:Cornwall about the See also:year 1750 by See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Cookworthy, of See also:Plymouth; and in 1768 he took out his patent for making porcelain from moorstone or growan (china-stone) and growan clay (kaolin), the latter imparting " whiteness and infusibility " to the china. These raw materials were found first at Tregonning Hill, near Breage, and afterwards at St See also:Stephen's in Brannel, near St Austell; and their See also:discovery led to the manufacture of hard paste, or true porcelain, at Plymouth and subsequently at See also:Bristol.
Kaolin is a hydrous See also:aluminium silicate, having the See also:formula H4Al2Si2O9, or Al2Si20r.2H20, but in See also:common clay this silicate is largely mixed with impurities. Certain See also:clays contain pearly white hexagonal scales, usually microscopic, referable to the See also:monoclinic See also:system, and having the chemical composition of kaolin. This crystalline substance was termed kaolinite by S. W. See also:- JOHNSON, ANDREW
- JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
- JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
- JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
- JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
- JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
- JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
- JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
- JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
- JOHNSON, THOMAS
Johnson and J. M. See also:Blake in 1867, and it is now regarded as the basis of pure clay. The kaolinite of See also:Amlwch in See also:Anglesey has been studied by See also:Allan See also:Dick. The origin of kaolin may be traced to the alteration of certain aluminous silicates like feldspar, See also:scapolite, See also:beryl and See also:topaz; but all large deposits of china-clay are due to the decomposition of feldspar, generally in See also:granite, but sometimes in See also:gneiss, See also:pitchstone, &c. The turbidity of many feldspars is the result of partial " kaolinization," or alteration to kaolin. The china-clay rocks of Cornwall and See also:Devon are granites in which the See also:orthoclase has become kaolinized. These rocks are sometimes known as carclazite, a name proposed by J. H. See also:Collins from a typical locality, the Carclaze mine, near St Austell. It has often been supposed that the alteration of the granite has been effected mainly 'by meteoric agencies, the carbonic See also:acid having decomposed the alkaline silicate of the feldspar, whilst the aluminous silicate assumes a hydrated See also:condition and forms kaolin. In many cases, however, it seems likely that the See also:change has been effected by subterranean agencies, probably by heated vapours carrying See also:fluorine See also:wad See also:boron, since minerals containing these elements, like See also:tourmaline, often occur in association with the china-clay. According to F. H. See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler the kaolinization of the See also:west of England granite may have been effected by a See also:solution of carbonic acid at a high temperature, acting from below.
The china-stone, or petuntse, is a granitic See also:rock which still retains much of the unaltered feldspar, on which its fusibility depends. In See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order to prepare kaolin for the See also:market, the china-clay rock is broken up, and the clay washed out by means ofwater. The liquid containing the clay in See also:mechanical suspension is run into channels called " drags " where the coarser impurities subside, and whence it passes to another set of channels known as " micas," where the finer materials See also:settle down. Thus purified, the clay-See also:water is led into a See also:series of pits or tanks, in which the finely divided clay is slowly deposited; and, after acquiring sufficient consistency, it is transferred to the drying-See also:house, or " dry," heated by flues, where the moisture is expelled, and the kaolin obtained as a soft white earthy substance. The clay has extensive application in the arts, being used not only in ceramic manufacture but in See also:paper-making, See also:bleaching arid various chemical See also:industries.
Under the See also:species "kaolinite " may be included several minerals which have received distinctive names, such as the Saxon See also:mineral called from its pearly lustre nacrite, a name originally given by A. See also:Brongniart to a nacreous See also:mica; pholerite found chiefly in cracks of ironstone and named by J. Guillemin from the See also:Greek rboXis, a See also:scale; and lithomarge, the old •See also:German Steinmark, a compact clay-like See also:body of white, yellow or red See also:colour. Dr C. Hintze has pointed out that the word pholerite should properly be written pholidite (4oXis, oXiSos). Closely related to kaolinite is the mineral called halloysite, a name given to it by P. See also:Berthier after his See also:uncle See also:Omalius d'Halloy, the Belgian geologist. (F. W.
End of Article: KAOLIN
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