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corporation of butchers: The site of the fortificationswhich formerly surrounded both quarters is occupied by boulevards, outside which are suburbs with wide streets and spacious squares. The See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the most remarkable See also:

BUILDING

building in the Limousin, was begun in 1273. In 1327 the See also:

CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir was completed, and before the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the See also:

TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept, with its See also:

FINE

fine See also:

north portal and the first two bays of the See also:

NAVE

nave; from 1875 to 1890 the construction of the nave was continued, and it was See also:

UNITED

united with the west See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (203 ft. high), the See also:

BASE

base of which belongs to a previous Romanesque See also:

church. In the interior there are a magnificent See also:

ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood See also:

LOFT (connected with " lift," i.e. raised in the air; O. Eng. lyft; cf. Ger. Luft; the French term is grenier and Ger. Boden)

loft of the See also:

RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, and the tombs of See also:

JEAN

Jean de Langeac (d. 1541) and other bishops. Of the other churches of Limoges, St See also:

Michel See also:

des Lions (14th and 15th centuries) and St See also:

PIERRE

Pierre du Queyroix (12th and 13th centuries) both contain interesting stained See also:

glass.

The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

MODERN

modern buildings are the town See also:

hall and the See also:

law-courts. The Vienne is crossed by a railway viaduct and four See also:

bridges, two of which, the See also:

PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont St See also:

ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne and the Pont St See also:

MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial, date from the 13th century. Among the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief squares are the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place d'Orsay on the site of a See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, the Place See also:

JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COUNT (1762-1833)

Jourdan with the statue of See also:

MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal J. B. Jourdan, See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Limoges, and the Place d'Aine with the statue of J. L. See also:

Gay-Lussac. See also:

PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

Carnot and See also:

Denis Dussoubs, both of whom have statues, were also natives of the town. The museum has a See also:

rich ceramic collection and See also:

art, numismatic and natural See also:

HISTORY

history collections. Limoges is the headquarters of the XII. See also:

army See also:

CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps and the seat of a See also:

bishop, a See also:

PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, a See also:

court of See also:

APPEAL

appeal and a court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:

commerce, a See also:

BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

trade See also:

arbitration, a chamber of commerce and a See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Bank of France. The educational institutions include a lycee for boys, a preparatory school of See also:

MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

PHARMACY

pharmacy, a higher theological See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, a training See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, a See also:

NATIONAL

national school of decorative art and a commercial and See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial school. The manufacture and decoration of See also:

PORCELAIN

porcelain give employment to about 13,000 persons in the town' and its vicinity.

See also:

SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

Shoe-making and the manufacture of clogs occupy over 2000. Other See also:

INDUSTRIES

industries are liqueur-distilling, the See also:

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of See also:

WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

CLOTH

cloth-See also:

WEAVING

weaving, See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and the manufacture of See also:

paper from See also:

STRAW

straw. Enamelling, which flourished at Limoges in the middle ages and during the Renaissance (see See also:

ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

ENAMEL), but subsequently died out, was revived at the end of the 19th century. There is an extensive trade in See also:

WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, cereals and See also:

wood. The Vienne is navigable for rafts above Limoges, and the logs brought down by the current are stopped at the entrance of the town by the inhabitants of the Naveix See also:

QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, who See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

SPECIAL

special gild for this purpose. Limoges was a place of importance at the See also:

time of the Roman See also:

CONQUEST

conquest, and sent a large force to the See also:

defence of See also:

ALESIA

Alesia. In II B.C. it took the name of See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus (Augustoritum); but in the 4th century it was anew called by the name of the Lemovices, whose capital it was. It then contained palaces and See also:

BATHS

baths, had its own See also:

SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and the right of coinage. See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced by St Martial. In the 5th century Limoges was devastated by the See also:

VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals and the Visigoths, and afterwards suffered in the See also:

WARS

wars between the See also:

Franks and Aquitanians and in the invasions of the See also:

NORMANS

Normans. Under the Merovingian See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings Limoges was celebrated for its mints and its goldsmiths' See also:

WORK

work. In the middle ages the town was divided into two distinct parts, each surrounded by walls, forming See also:

SEPARATE

separate fiefs with a separate See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, an arrangement which survived till 1792.

Of these the more important, known as the See also:

CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau, which See also:

GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of St Martial in the 9th century, and was surrounded with walls in the loth and again in the 12th, was under the See also:

jurisdiction of the viscounts of Limoges, and contained their See also:

castle and the monastery of St Martial; the other, the Cite, which was under the jurisdiction of the bishop, had but a sparse See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, the habitable ground- being practically covered by the cathedral, the episcopal See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and other churches and religious buildings. In the See also:

HUNDRED

Hundred Years' See also:

War the bishops sided with the See also:

French, while the viscounts were unwilling vassals of the See also:

ENGLISH

English. In 1370 the Cite, which had opened its See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates to the French, was taken by the See also:

Black See also:

Prince and given over to See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword. The religious wars, pestilence and See also:

FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine desolated Limoges in turn, and the See also:

PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague of 1630-1631 carried off more than 20,000 persons. The See also:

wise administrations of See also:

HENRI

Henri d'See also:

AGUESSEAU, HENRI FRANCOIS

Aguesseau, See also:

FATHER

father of the See also:

CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, and of See also:

TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot enabled Limoges to recover its former prosperity. There have been several See also:

GREAT

great fires, destroying whole quarters of the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, built, as it See also:

hen was, of wood. That of ilgo lasted for two months, and destroyed 192 houses; and that of 1864 laid under ashes a large See also:

AREA

area. Limoges celebrates every seven years a curious religious festival (Fete d'Ostension), during which the See also:

RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of St Martial are exposed for seven See also:

WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, attracting large See also:

numbers of visitors. It See also:

DATES

dates from the loth century, and commemorates a pestilence (mal des ardents) which, after destroying 40,000 persons, is believed to have been stayed by the intercession of the See also:

SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint. Limoges was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of two ecclesiastical See also:

COUNCILS

councils, in 1029 and 1031. The first proclaimed the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of St Martial as " apostle of See also:

AQUITAINE

Aquitaine "; the second insisted on the observance of the " truce of See also:

God." In 1095 See also:

Pope See also:

Urban II. held a See also:

synod of bishops here in connexion with his efforts to organize a crusade, and on this occasion consecrated the See also:

BASILICA

basilica of St Martial (pulled down after 1794). See Celestin See also:

PORE

Pore, Limoges, in Joanne's guides, De See also:

Paris 4 Ager (1867); Ducourtieux, Limoges d'apres ses anciens plans (1884) and Limoges et ses environs (3rd ed., 1894).

A very full See also:

list of See also:

WORKS

works on Limoges, the town, viscounty, bishopric, &c., is given by U. See also:

Chevalier in Repertoire des See also:

SOURCES

sources hist. du moyen See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. Topo-bibliogr. (Mont Celiard, 1903), t. ii. S.V.

End of Article: LIMOGES

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