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CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, ...

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 808 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from See also:
LAT
Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from See also:
CALVI
calvi, to deceive, hence a false See also:
ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)
accusation, a " calumny ") , originally a See also:

charge against a See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or a claim to anything, a See also:

DEFIANCE

defiance. The See also:

TERM

term is now particularly used of an invitation to a trial of skill in any contest, or to a trial by combat as a vindication of See also:

PERSONAL

personal See also:

HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour (see See also:

DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

DUEL), and, in See also:

law, of the objection to the members of a See also:

JURY

jury allowed in a See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

ACTION

action or in a criminal trial (see JURY). " CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION. The scientific results of several See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short expeditions between 186o and 187o encouraged the See also:

COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the Royal Society to approach the See also:

BRITISH

British See also:

government, on the See also:

SUGGESTION

suggestion of See also:

Sir See also:

George See also:

Richards, hydrographer to the See also:

ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty, with a view to commissioning a See also:

VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel for a prolonged cruise for oceanic exploration. The government detailed H.M.S. " Challenger," a wooden corvette of 2306 tons, for the purpose. See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain (afterwards Sir) George See also:

NARES, SIR GEORGE STRONG (1831– )

Nares was placed in command, with a See also:

NAVAL

naval See also:

crew; and a scientific See also:

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff was selected by the society with See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor (afterwards Sir) C. Wyville See also:

Thomson as director. The staff included Mr (afterwards Sir) See also:

John See also:

Murray and Mr H. N. Moseley, biologists; Dr von Willemoes-Suhm, See also:

COMMANDER

Commander Tizard, and Mr J.

Y. See also:

Buchanan, chemist and geologist. A See also:

COMPLETE

complete See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of instructions was See also:

DRAWN

drawn up by the society. The " Challenger " sailed from Ports-mouth in See also:

DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1872. For nearly a See also:

YEAR

year the See also:

WORK

work of the expedition See also:

lay in the See also:

ATLANTIC

Atlantic, which was crossed several times. See also:

TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe, the See also:

BERMUDAS

Bermudas, the See also:

AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores, See also:

Madeira, the Cape Verd Islands, See also:

BAHIA

Bahia and See also:

Tristan da Cunha were successively visited, and in See also:

OCTOBER

October 1873 the See also:

SHIP

ship reached Cape See also:

TOWN

Town. Steering then See also:

south-See also:

east and east she visited the various islands between 45° and 5o° S., and reached Kerguelen See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island in See also:

JANUARY

January 1874. She next proceeded southward about the See also:

meridian of 8o° E. She was the first steamship to See also:

CROSS

cross the See also:

Antarctic circle, but the attainment of a high southerly See also:

LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude was not an See also:

OBJECT

object of the voyage, and See also:

early in See also:

March the ship See also:

LEFT

left the south polar *regions and made for See also:

Melbourne. Extensive researches were now made in the Pacific. The route led by New See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, the See also:

Fiji Islands, Torres Strait, the See also:

BANDA

Banda See also:

Sea, and the See also:

CHINA

China Sea to Hong See also:

KONG

Kong. The western Pacific was then explored northward to See also:

YOKOHAMA

Yokohama, after which the " Challenger " struck across the ocean by See also:

HONOLULU

Honolulu and See also:

TAHITI

Tahiti to See also:

VALPARAISO

Valparaiso.

She then coasted southward, penetrated the Straits of See also:

MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan, touched at See also:

MONTEVIDEO, SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE

Montevideo, recrossed the Atlantic by See also:

Ascension and the Azores, and reached See also:

SHEERNESS

Sheerness in May 1876. This voyage is without parallel in the See also:

HISTORY

history of scientific See also:

RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research. The " Challenger " See also:

REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report was issued in fifty volumes (See also:

LONDON

London, 188o-1895), mainly under the direction of Sir John Murray, who succeeded Wyville Thomson in this work in 1882. Specialists in every See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science assisted in its See also:

PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production. The zoological collections alone formed the basis for the See also:

MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the volumes; the deep-sea soundings and samples of the deposits, the chemical See also:

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of See also:

WATER

water samples, the meteorological, water-temperature, magnetic, See also:

GEOLOGICAL

geological, and botanical observations were fully worked out, and a See also:

SUMMARY

summary of the scientific results, narrative of the cruise and indices were also provided. See also See also:

Lord G. See also:

Campbell, See also:

LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

Log Letters from the " Challenger," (1876) ; W. J. J. Spry, Cruise of H.M.S. ` Challenger" (1876); Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Voyage of the " Challenger," The Atlantic, Preliminary See also:

Account of See also:

General Results (1877) ; J.

J. See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild; At See also:

ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

Anchor; Narrative of Experiences afloat and ashore during the Voyage of H.M.S. " Challenger " (1878) ; H. N. Moseley, Notes by a Naturalist on the " Challenger " (1879).

End of Article: CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

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