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CHALLAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE MARIUS AUGUS...

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Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 807 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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CHALLAMEL, See also:JEAN See also:BAPTISTE See also:MARIUS AUGUSTIN (1818-'894) , See also:French historian, was See also:born in See also:Paris on the 18th of See also:March 18'8. His writings consist chiefly of popular See also:works, which enjoyed See also:great success. The value of some of his books is enhanced by numerous illustrations, e.g. Histoire-musee de la Revolution francaise, which appeared in 5o See also:numbers in 1841–1842 (3rd ed., in 72 numbers, 1857–1858); Histoire de la mode en See also:France; la toilette See also:des femmes depuis l'epoque gallo-romaine jusqu'd nos fours (1874, with 12 plates; new ed., 188o, with 21 coloured plates). His Memoires du peuple francaise (1865–1873) and La France et See also:les See also:Francais a travers les sibcles (1882) at least have the merit of being among the first books written on the social See also:history of France. In this sense Challamel was a See also:pioneer, of no great originality, it is true, but at any See also:rate of fairly wide See also:information. He died on the loth of See also:October 1894. CHALLEMEL-LACOUR, See also:PAUL AMAND (1827-'896), French statesman, was born at See also:Avranches on the 19th of May 1827. After passing through the Ecole Normale Superieure he became See also:professor of See also:philosophy successively at See also:Pau and at See also:Limoges. The coup d'etat of '851 caused his See also:expulsion from France for his republican opinions. He travelled on the See also:continent, and in 1856 settled down as professor of French literature at the See also:Polytechnic of See also:Zurich. The See also:amnesty of '859 enabled him to return to France, but a projected course of lectures on history and See also:art was immediately suppressed.

He now supported himself by his See also:

pen, and became a See also:regular contributor to the reviews. On the fall of the Second See also:Empire in See also:September '87o the See also:government of See also:national See also:defence appointed him See also:prefect of the See also:department of the See also:Rhone, in which capacity he had to suppress the Communist rising at See also:Lyons. Resigning his See also:post on the 5th of See also:February 1871, he was in See also:January 1872 elected to the National See also:Assembly, and in 1876 to the See also:Senate. He sat at first on the Extreme See also:Left; but his philosophic and See also:critical temperament was not in See also:harmony with the recklessness of French radicalism, and his attitude towards See also:political questions underwent a steady modification, till the See also:close of his See also:life saw him the foremost representative of moderate republicanism. During See also:Gambetta's lifetime, however, Challemel-Lacour was one of his warmest supporters, and he was for a See also:time editor of Gambetta's See also:organ, the Republique francaise. In 1879 he was appointed French See also:ambassador at See also:Bern, and in '88o was transferred to See also:London; but he lacked the suppleness and command of See also:temper necessary to a successful diplomatist. He resigned in 1882, and in February 1883 became See also:minister of See also:foreign affairs in the Jules See also:Ferry See also:cabinet, but retired in See also:November of the same See also:year. In 1890 he was elected See also:vice-See also:president of the Senate, and in '893 succeeded Jules Ferry as its president. His See also:influence over that See also:body was largely due to his clear and reasoned eloquence, which placed him at the See also:head of contemporary French orators. In 1893 he also became a member of the French See also:Academy. He distinguished himself by the vigour with which he upheld the Senate against the encroachments of the chamber, but in '895 failing See also:health forced him to resign, and he died in Paris on the 26th of October 1896. He published a See also:translation of A.

Heinrich See also:

Ritter's Geschichte der Philosophie (1861); La Philosophie individualiste: etude sur See also:Guillaume de See also:Humboldt (1864); and an edition of the works of Madame d'See also:Epinay (1869). In '897 appeared See also:Joseph See also:Reinach's edition of the Euvres oratoires de Challemel-Lacour.

End of Article: CHALLAMEL, JEAN BAPTISTE MARIUS AUGUSTIN (1818-'894)

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