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See also: LYONS, See also:COUNCILS OF . The first See also:Council of Lyons (the thirteenth See also:general council) met at the See also:summons of See also:Pope See also:Innocent
IV. in See also:June and See also:July of 1245, to deliberate on the conflict between See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church and See also:emperor, on the assistance to be granted to the See also:Holy See also:Land and the Eastern See also:empire, on See also:measures of See also:protection against the See also:Tatars, and on the suppression of See also:heresy. Among the tasks of the council mentioned in the writs of See also:con-vocation, the most important, in the eyes of the pope, was that it should lend him effectual aid in his labours to overthrow the emperor See also:Frederick II.; and, with this See also:object in view, he had described the See also:synod as a general council. Since its See also:numbers were not far in excess of 150 bishops and archbishops, and the See also:great See also:majority of these came from See also:France, See also:Italy and See also:Spain; while the schismatic Greeks and the other countries—especially See also:Germany, whose interests were so deeply involved—were but weakly represented; the See also:ambassador of Frederick, Thaddaeus of Suessa, contested its oecumenicity in the See also:assembly itself. The condemnation of the emperor was a foregone conclusion. The articles of See also:indictment described him as the " See also:prince of tyranny, the destroyer of ecclesiastical See also:dogma, the annihilator of the faith, the See also:master of See also:cruelty," and so forth; while the grossest calumnies were treated as approved facts. The objections of the ambassador, that the accused had not been regularly cited, that the pope was See also:plaintiff and See also:judge in one, and that therefore the whole See also:process was anomalous, achieved as little success as his See also:appeal to the future pontiff and to a truly See also:oecumenical council. The representatives of the See also:kings of See also:England and France were equally unfortunate in their claim for a See also:prorogation of the decision. On the 17th of July the See also:verdict was pronounced by Innocent IV., excommunicating Frederick and dethroning him on the grounds of See also:perjury, See also:sacrilege, heresy and See also:- FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel
felony. All oaths of fealty sworn to him were pronounced null and void, and the See also:German princes were commanded to proceed with the See also:election of a new See also:sovereign. In addition the council enacted decrees against the growing irregularities in the Church, and passed resolutions designed to support the Crusaders and revive the struggle for the Holy Land.
See Mansi, Collectio conciliorum, tom. See also:xxiii.; Huillard-Breholles, Historia diplomatica Frederici II., 6 torn. (See also: Paris, 1852–1861); See also:Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, ed. 2, vol. v. (1886), pp. 1105-1126; Fr. W. Schirrmacher, Kaiser Friederich der Zweite (4 vols., See also:Gottingen, 1859–1865) ; H. Schulz, in See also:Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie, ed. 3, vol. ix. (1901), p. 122 sqq., s.v. " Innocenz IV. ; A. Folz, Kaiser See also: Friedrich II. u. Papst Innocenz IV. (See also:Strassburg, 1905).
The second Council of Lyons (the fourteenth general council) met from the 7th of May to the 17th of July 1274, under the See also:presidency of Pope See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory X., and was designed to resolve three problems: to terminate the See also:Greek See also:schism, to See also:decree a new Crusade, and to counteract the moral corruption among clerics and laity. The council entered on its third task at a very See also:late See also:period, with the result that the requisite See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time for an adequate deliberation was not available. Nevertheless, on the 1st of See also:November, Gregory was enabled to publish See also:thirty-one constitutions, which may be taken to represent the fruits of the synod and its labours. The most important of the enactments passed is that regulating the papal election. It pre-scribed that the new election conducted by the See also:college of cardinals should be held in See also:conclave (q.v.), and its duration abridged by progressive simplification of the See also:cardinal's See also:diet. The See also:motive for this decision, which has maintained its ground in ecclesiastical See also:law, was given by the circumstances which followed the See also:death of See also:Clement IV. (1268). The pope See also:felt a See also:peculiar See also:interest in the Holy Land, from which he was recalled by his See also:elevation to the pontifical See also:throne. He succeeded in bringing influential interests to See also:work in the cause; but his See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of a great enter-prise backed by the whole force of the See also:West came to nothing, for the See also:day of the See also:Crusades was past. His projected Crusade was interwoven with his endeavours to end the schism; and the See also: political straits of the emperor See also:Michael See also:Palaeologus in See also:Constantinople came to the aid of these aspirations. To ensure his safety against the attacks of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King See also:Charles of See also:Sicily, who had pledged himself to assist the ex-emperor See also:Baldwin in his reconquest of the Latin empire, Michael was required to own the supremacy of the pope in the spiritual domain; while Gregory, in return, would restrain the Sicilian monarch from hisbellicose policy with regard to the Eastern empire. The ambassadors of the emperor appeared at the council with letters acknowledging the See also:Roman pontiff and the See also:confession of faith previously dispatched from the eternal See also:city, and submitted similarly-worded declarations from the heads of the See also:Byzantine Church. One member of the See also:embassy, the See also:Logothete Georgius Acropolites, was authorized by the emperor to take an See also:oath in his name, renouncing the schism. In See also:short, the subjection of the See also:East to the Roman see was completed in the most binding forms, and the See also:long-desired See also:union seemed at last assured. Gregory himself did not live to discover its illusory See also:character. The Council of Lyons was, moreover, of importance for the German dynastic struggle: for Gregory took the first public step in favour of See also:Count See also:Rudolph of See also:Habsburg, the king-elect, by receiving his See also:deputy and denying an See also:audience to the delegate of the See also:rival claimant, King See also:Alphonso of See also:Castile.
See Mansi, Collectio conciliorum, torn. See also:xxiv. ; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. vi. ed. 2 (1890), p. 119 sqq. Also C. Mirbt, in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklop. f. protestantische Theologie, vol. vii. (1899), p. 122, S.V. " Gregor X." (C.
End of Article: LYONS, COUNCILS OF
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