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GOTTINGEN

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 278 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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GOTTINGEN , a See also:

town of See also:Germany, in the Prussian See also:province of See also:Hanover, pleasantly situated at the See also:west See also:foot of the Hainberg (1200 ft.), in the broad and fertile valley of the Leine, 67 m. S. from Hanover, on the railway to See also:Cassel. Pop. (1875) 17,057, (1905) 34,030. It is traversed by the Leine See also:canal, which separates the Altstadt from the See also:Neustadt and from Masch, and is surrounded by ramparts, which are planted with See also:lime-trees and See also:form an agreeable See also:promenade. The streets in the older See also:part of the town are for the most part crooked and narrow, but the newer portions are spaciously and regularly built. Apart from the See also:Protestant churches of St See also:John, with twin towers, and of St See also:James, with a high See also:tower (290 ft.), the See also:medieval town See also:hall, built in the 14th See also:century and restored in 188o, and the numerous university buildings, Gottingen possesses few structures of any public importance. There are several thriving See also:industries, including; besides the various branches of the See also:publishing See also:trade, the manu-' facture of See also:cloth and woollens and of mathematical and other scientific See also:instruments. The university, the famous See also:Georgia See also:Augusta, founded by See also:George II. in 1734 and opened in 1737, rapidly attained a leading position, and in 1823 its students numbered 1547. See also:Political disturbances, in which both professors and students were See also:im- See also:GOTTLING plicated, lowered the attendance to 86o in 1834. The See also:expulsion in 1837 of the famous seven professors—See also:Die Gottinger Sieben—viz. the Germanist, Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht (1800-1876); the historian, See also:Friedrich Christoph See also:Dahlmann (1785-186o); the orientalist, Georg Heinrich See also:August See also:Ewald (1803-1875); the historian, Georg Gottfried See also:Gervinus (1805-1875); the physicist, Wilhelm Eduard See also:Weber (1804-1891); and the philologists, the See also:brothers See also:Jacob See also:Ludwig Karl See also:Grimm (1785-1863), and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (1786-1859),— for protesting against the revocation by See also:King Ernest See also:Augustus of. Hanover of the liberal constitution of 1833, further reduced the prosperity of the university.

The events of 1848, on the other See also:

hand, told somewhat in its favour; and, since the See also:annexation of Hanover in 1866, it has been carefully fostered by the Prussian See also:government. In 1903 its teaching See also:staff numbered 121 and its students 1529. The See also:main university See also:building lies on the Wilhelmsplatz, and, adjoining, is the famous library of 500,000 vols. and 5300 See also:MSS., the richest collection of See also:modern literature in Germany. There is a See also:good chemical laboratory as well as adequate zoological, ethnographical and mineralogical collections, the most remark-able being See also:Blumenbach's famous collection of skulls in the anatomical See also:institute. There are also a celebrated See also:observatory, See also:long under the direction of Wilhelm Klinkerfues (1827-1884), a botanical See also:garden, an agricultural institute and various hospitals, all connected with the university. Of the scientific See also:societies the most noted is the Royal Society of Sciences (Konigliche Sozietat der Wissenschaften) founded by Albrecht von See also:Haller, which is divided into three classes, the See also:physical, the mathematical and the See also:historical-philological. It See also:numbers about 8o members and publishes the well-known Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen. There are monuments in the town to the mathematicians K. F. See also:Gauss and W. E. Weber, and also to the poet G.

A. See also:

Burger. The earliest mention of a See also:village of Goding or Gutingi occurs in documents of about 950 A.D. The See also:place received municipal rights from the See also:German king See also:Otto IV. about 1210, and from 1286 to 1463 it was the seat of the princely See also:house of See also:Brunswick-Gottingen. During the 14th century it held a high place among the towns of the Hanseatic See also:League. In 1531 it joined the See also:Reformation See also:movement, and in the following century it suffered considerably in the See also:Thirty Years' See also:War, being taken by See also:Tilly in 1626, after a See also:siege of 25 days, and recaptured by the See also:Saxons in 1632. After a century of decay, it was anew brought into importance by the See also:establishment of its university; and a marked increase in its See also:industrial and commercial prosperity has again taken place in See also:recent years. Towards the end, of the 18th century Gottingen was the centre of a society of See also:young poets of the See also:Sturm and Drang See also:period of German literature, known as the Gottingen Dichterbund or Hainbund (see GERMANY: Literature). See Freusdorff, Gottingen in Vergangenheit and Gegenwart (Gottingen, 1887) ; the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Gottingen, edited by G. See also:Schmidt, A. Hasseiblatt and G. Kastner; Unger, Gottingen and die Georgia Augusta (1861); and Gottinger Prof essoren (See also:Gotha, 1872); and O.

Mejer, Kulturgeschichtliche Bilder aus Gottingen (1889).

End of Article: GOTTINGEN

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