|
See also:BUCHANAN, See also:GEORGE (1506–1582) , Scottish humanist, was See also:born in See also:February 15o6. His See also:father, a younger son of an old See also:family, was the possessor of the See also:farm of See also:Moss, in the See also:parish of Killearn, See also:Stirlingshire, but he died at an See also:early See also:age, leaving his widow and See also:children in poverty. His See also:mother, See also:Agnes See also:Heriot, was of the family of the Heriots of Trabroun, See also:Haddingtonshire, of which George Heriot, founder of Heriot's See also:hospital, was also a member. Buchanan is said to have attended Killearn school, but not much is known of his early See also:education. In 1520 he was sent by his See also:uncle, See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Heriot, to the university of See also:Paris, where, as he tells us in an autobiographical See also:sketch, he devoted himself to the See also:writing of verses " partly by liking, partly by compulsion (that being then the one task prescribed to youth)." In 1522 his uncle died, and Buchanan being thus unable to continue longer in Paris, returned to See also:Scotland. After recovering from a severe illness, he joined the See also:French auxiliaries who had been brought over by See also:John See also:- STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
- STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
- STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
- STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
- STEWART, J
- STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
- STEWART, JULIUS L
- STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
- STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
- STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
- STEWART, STUART
- STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)
Stewart, See also:duke of See also:Albany, and took See also:part in an unsuccessful inroad into See also:England (see the See also:account in his Hist. of Scotland). In the following See also:year he entered the university of St See also:Andrews, where he graduated B.A. in 1525. He had gone there chiefly for the purpose of attending the celebrated John See also:Major's lectures on See also:logic; and when that teacher removed to Paris, Buchanan followed him in 1526. In 1527 he graduated B.A., and in 1528 M.A. at Paris. Next year he was appointed See also:regent, or See also:professor, in the See also:college of Sainte-Barbe, and taught there for upwards of three years. In 1529 he was elected See also:Pro-See also:curator of the " See also:German Nation" in the university of Paris, and was re-elected four times in four successive months. He resigned his regentship in 1531, and in 1532 became See also:tutor to See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Kennedy, 3rd See also:earl of Cassilis, with whom he returned to Scotland about the beginning of 1537.
At this See also:period Buchanan was content to assume the 'same attitude towards the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church of See also:Rome that See also:Erasmus maintained. He did not repudiate its doctrines, but considered himself See also:free to criticize its practice. Though he listened with See also:interest to the arguments of the Reformers, he did not join their ranks before 1553. His first See also:production in Scotland, when he was in See also:Lord Cassilis's See also:household in the See also:west See also:country, was the poem Somnium, a satirical attack upon the Franciscan friars and monastic See also:life generally. This See also:assault on the monks was not displeasing to James V., who engaged Buchanan as tutor to one of his natural
sons, Lord James Stewart (not the son who was afterwards the regent See also:- MURRAY
- MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
- MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
- MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
- MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
- MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
- MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
- MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
- MURRAY, JOHN
- MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
- MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
- MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
- MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
- MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )
Murray), and encouraged him to a still more daring effort. In these circumstances the poems Palinodia and Franciscanus es' Fratres were written, and, although they remained unpublished for many years, it is not surprising that the author became an See also:object of bitterest hatred to the See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order and their See also:friends. Nor was it yet a safe See also:matter to assail the church. In 1539 there was a See also:bitter persecution of the See also:Lutherans, and Buchanan among others was arrested. He managed to effect his See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape and with considerable difficulty made his way to See also:London and thence to Paris. In Paris, however, he found his enemy, See also:Cardinal See also:David See also:Beaton, who was there as an See also:ambassador, and on the invitation of See also:Andre de Gouvea, proceeded to See also:Bordeaux. Gouvea was then See also:principal of the newly founded college of See also:Guienne at Bordeaux, and by his exertions Buchanan was appointed professor of Latin. During his See also:residence here several of his best See also:works, the See also:translations of See also:Medea and See also:Alcestis, and the two dramas, Jephthes (sive Votum) and Baptistes (sive Calumnia), were completed. See also:Montaigne was Buchanan's See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil at Bordeaux and acted in his tragedies. In the See also:essay Of Presumption he classes Buchanan with Aurat, See also:Beza, de L'H8pital, Montdore and See also:Turnebus, as one of the foremost Latin poets of his See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time. Here also Buchanan formed a lasting friendship with See also:Julius See also:Caesar See also:Scaliger; in later life he won the admiration of See also:Joseph Scaliger, who wrote an See also:epigram on Buchanan which contains the See also:couplet, famous in its See also:day:
" Imperii fuerat Romani See also:Scotia limes;
Romani eloquii Scotia limes erit?"
In 1542 or 1543 he returned to Paris, and in 1544 was appointed regent in the college of Cardinal le Moine. Among his colleagues were the renowned See also:Muretus and Turnebus.
In 1547 Buchanan joined the See also:band of French and Portuguese humanists who had been invited by Andre de Gouvea to lecture in the Portuguese university of See also:Coimbra. The French mathematician See also:Elie See also:Vinet, and the Portuguese historian, Jeronimo de See also:Osorio, were among his colleagues; Gouvea, called by Montaigne le plus See also:grand principal de See also:France, was See also:rector of the university, which had reached the See also:summit of its prosperity under the patronage of See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
King John III. But the rectorship had been coveted by Diogo de Gouvea, uncle of Andre and formerly See also:head of Sainte-Barbe. It is probable that before Andre's See also:death at the end of 1547 Diogo had urged the See also:Inquisition to attack him and his See also:staff; up to 1906, when the records of the trial were first published in full, Buchanan's biographers generally attributed the attack to the See also:influence of Cardinal Beaton, the See also:Franciscans, or the See also:Jesuits, and the whole See also:history of Buchanan's residence in See also:Portugal was extremely obscure.
A See also:commission of inquiry was appointed in See also:October 1549 and reported in See also:June 1550. Buchanan and two Portuguese, Diogo de Teive and Joao da See also:Costa (who had succeeded to the rector-See also:ship), were committed for trial. Teive and Costa were found guilty of various offences against public order, and the See also:evidence shows that there was ample See also:reason for a judicial inquiry. Buchanan was accused of Lutheran and Judaistic practices. He defended himself with conspicuous ability, courage and frankness, admitting that some of the charges were true. About June 1551 he was sentenced to abjure his errors, and to be imprisoned in the monastery of Sao Bento in See also:Lisbon. Here he was compelled to listen to edifying discourses from the monks, whom he found " not unkind but ignorant." In his leisure he began to translate the See also:Psalms into Latin See also:verse. After seven months he was released, on See also:condition that he remained in Lisbon; and on the 28th of February 1552 this restriction was annulled. Buchanan at once sailed for England, but soon made his way to Paris, where in 1553 he was appointed regent in the college of Boncourt. He remained in that See also:post for two years, and then accepted the See also:- OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")
office of tutor to the son of the Marechal de See also:Brissac. It was almost certainly during this last stay in France, where Protestantism was being repressed with See also:great severity by See also:Francis I., that Buchanan ranged himself on the See also:side of the Calvinists.
In 156o or 1561 he returned to Scotland, and in See also:April 1562we find him installed as tutor to the See also:young See also:queen See also:Mary, who was accustomed to read See also:Livy with him daily. Buchanan now openly joined the See also:Protestant, or Reformed Church, and in 1566 was appointed by the earl of Murray principal of St Leonard's College, St Andrews. Two years before he had received from the queen the valuable See also:gift of the revenues of Crossraguel See also:Abbey. He was thus in See also:good circumstances, and his fame was steadily increasing. So great, indeed, was his reputation for learning and administrative capacity that, though a layman, he was made See also:moderator of the See also:general See also:assembly in 1567.
He had sat in the assemblies from 1563.
Buchanan accompanied the regent Murray into England, and his Detectio (published in 1572) was produced to the commissioners at See also:Westminster. In 1570, after the assassination of Murray, he was appointed one of the preceptors of the young king, and it was through his tuition that James VI. acquired his scholarship. While discharging the functions of royal tutor he also held other important offices. He was for a See also:short time director of See also:chancery, and then became lord privy See also:seal, a post which entitled him to a seat in the See also:parliament. He appears to have continued in this office for some years, at least till 1579. He died on the 28th of See also:September 1582.
His last years had been occupied with two of his most important works. The first was the See also:treatise De Jure Regni apud Scotos, published in 1579. In this famous See also:work, composed in the See also:form of a See also:dialogue, and evidently intended to instil See also:sound See also:political principles into the mind of his pupil, Buchanan See also:lays down the See also:doctrine that the source of all political See also:power is the See also:people, that the king is bound• by those conditions under which the supreme power was first committed to his hands, and that it is lawful to resist, even to punish, tyrants. The importance of the work is proved by the persistent efforts of the legislature to suppress it during the See also:century following its publication. It was condemned by See also:act of parliament in 1584, and again in 1664; and in 1683 it was burned by the university of See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford. The second of his larger works is the history of Scotland, Rerum Scoticarum Historia, completed shortly before his death (1579), and published in 1582. It is of great value for the period See also:person-ally known to the author, which occupies the greater portion of the See also:book. The earlier part is based, to a considerable extent, on the legendary history of Bocce. Buchanan's purpose was to " purge " the See also:national history " of sum See also:Inglis lyis and Scottis vanite " (See also:Letter to See also:Randolph), but he exaggerated his freedom from partisanship and unconsciously criticized his work when he said that it would " content few and displease many."
Buchanan is one of Scotland's greatest scholars. For mastery over the Latin See also:language he has seldom been surpassed by any See also:modern writer. His See also:style is not rigidly modelled upon that of any classical author, but has a certain freshness and See also:elasticity of its own. He wrote Latin as if it had been his mother See also:tongue. But in addition to this perfect command over the language, Buchanan had a See also:rich vein of poetical feeling, and much originality of thought. His translations of the Psalms and of the See also:Greek plays are more than See also:mere versions; the smaller satirical poems abound in wit and in happy phrase; his two tragedies, Baptistes and Jephthes, have enjoyed from the first an undiminished See also:European reputation for See also:academic excellence. In addition to the works already named, Buchanan wrote in See also:prose Chamaeleon, a See also:satire in the See also:vernacular against See also:Maitland of Lethington, first printed in 1711; a Latin See also:translation of See also:Linacre's See also:Grammar (Paris, 1533); Libellus de Prosodia (See also:Edinburgh, 1640); and Vita ab ipso scripta biennio ante mortem (16o8), edited by R. See also:Sibbald (1702). His other poems are Fratres Fraterrimi, Elegiae, Silvae, two sets of verses entitled Hendecasyllabon See also:Liber and lambon Liber; three books of Epigrammata; a book of See also:miscellaneous verse; De Sphaera (in five books), suggested by the poem of Joannes de Sacrobosco, and intended as a See also:defence of the Ptolemaic theory against the new Copernican view.
There are two See also:editions of Buchanan's works:—(a) Georgii Buchanani Scoti, Poetarum sui seculi facile principis, See also:Opera Omnaa, in two vols. fol., edited by See also:Ruddiman (Edinburgh, Freebairn, 1715); (b) edited by Burman, 4to, 1725. The Vernacular Writings,
consisting of the Chamaeleon (u.s.), a See also:tract on the See also:Reformation of St Andrews University, Ane Admonitioun to the Trew Lordis, and two letters, were edited for the Scottish See also:Text Society by P. See also:Hume See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
Brown- The principal See also:biographies are:—David See also:Irving, See also:Memoirs of the Life and Writings of George Buchanan (Edinburgh,18o7 and 1817) ; P. Hume Brown, George Buchanan, Humanist and Reformer (Edinburgh, 18go), George Buchanan and his Times (Edinburgh, 1906) ; Rev. D. See also:Macmillan, George Buchanan, a See also:Biography (Edinburgh, 1906). Buchanan's quatercentenary was celebrated at different centres in Scotland in 1go6, and was the occasion of several encomia and studies. The most important of these are: George Buchanan: See also:Glasgow Quatercentenary Studies (Glasgow, 1906), and George Buchanan, a Memoir, edited by D. A. See also:Millar (St Andrews, 1907). A verse translation of the Baptistes, entitled Tyrannicall-See also:Government Anatomized (1642), has been attributed to See also:Milton; its authorship is discussed in the Glasgow Quatercentenary Studies. The records of Buchanan's trial, discovered by the Portuguese historian, G. J. C. Henriques, were published by him under the See also:title George Buchanan in the Lisbon Inquisition. The Records of his Trial, with a Translation thereof into See also:English, Facsimiles of some of the Papers, and an Introduction (Lisbon, 1906).
End of Article: BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
Additional information and Comments
There are no comments yet for this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.
|
del.icio.us it!