See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

But here it becomes necessary to ask what is the precise meaning which we are to assign to the phrases, " to David," " to Asaph," " to the sons of Korah." We certainly need not suppose that the Davidic, Asaphic and Korahite psalms severally once existed as See also:

• SEPARATE

If the compiler of the first book aimed simply at making a collection of Davidic psalms from a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

But there is no difficulty in supposing that each division of the Levitical musicians had its own traditional music, certain See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

Again, a considerable number of these psalms (xliv., lxxiv., lxxix., lxxx.) point to an See also:

• HISTORICAL

2 Some See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

Thus, for example, Ps. xliv., with its description of the sufferings of the righteous for God's sake, would be perfectly appropriate in the mouth of one of the " godly " (Hasidim) about 167 B.c. Ps. xlv., though the unsoundness of the text in certain parts makes it difficult to speak with certainty would suit the See also:

• MARRIAGE

13, See also:

• XXVI

Again, the general tone of large parts of this collection 1s much more cheerful than that of the Elohistic psalm-book. It begins with a psalm (xc.) ascribed in the title to See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

22). In later times the psalms for the See also:

• ENCAENIA

But where did the last collectors of the psalms find such very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

It would seem also that the collectors of books I.–III. know of no Davidic psalms outside of these two collections, for Ps. lxxxvi. in the appendix to the Elohistic collection is merely a See also:

• CENTO
• CENTO (Gr. idvrpwv, Lat. cento, patchwork)

Even in the older Davidic psalm-book there is a whole See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

But, as we have seen, it is impossible to separate the contents of the Elohistic books from those of the last collection. Both include psalms which are most naturally understood as referring to the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes and to the Maccabaean victories, and cannot therefore be separated by a long See also:

• INTERVAL

On the other hand, the first collection of " Davidic psalms taken as a whole would be perfectly appropriate in the worship of a Judaean community of Hasidim in the Maccabaean period. We have, unfortunately, no See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

13–liii. and of this last passage it may be said that all the translatable portions of it can be naturally explained, if it refers to the time when the resistance of the Hasidim, whom the See also:

• SADDUCEES

It is not improbable that the Elohistic redaction of the second collection of psalms is due not so much to any Jewish scruples about writing the Tetragrammaton as to the fear that it might fall into the hands of the heathen who were trying to destroy the Hebrew Scriptures, and might thus be desecrated (cf. i Mace. 1. 56, 57). We may thus suppose that about the time of Jonathan the Maccabaean High Priest (if our explanation of Ps. xlv. is correct), at all events not earlier than 150 B.C., a south Galilaean synagogue made a collection of the various religious poems current among its members. Perhaps those which were to be sung according to the old Davidic mode formed the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

The earlier Maccabaean policy of concentration had given place to one of expansion. The Jews in Jerusalem could not ignore the Jews of Galilee or even of the Dispersion. The hymns which had brought comfort to the faithful in the time of their distress had become an integral part of their religion which could not be given up. Jerusalem was now the religious See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

The original music of the psalms was therefore apparently based on popular melodies. A good See also:

• DEAL

Chr. See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

The LXX. translators who render it by Slh,/aXµa though not recognizing the derivation of the word, knew its meaning. —R. H. K. 2 Compare the similar way of citing melodies with the prep. 'al or 'al kala, &c., in See also:

• SYRIAC

It did not, however, obtain ecclesiastical currency—the old versions holding their ground, just as See also:

• ENGLISH

Tijdschr., 1878, p. 279 seq.), and Bickell (Camilla V. T. metrice, &c., See also:

• INNSBRUCK

This theory, which he set forth with all his accustomed learning and force, is still accepted in many quarters, many other passages of the Oid Testament being likewise assigned to the same date. In the judgment of the present writer however, the results of Old Testament study (particularly in the Prophets) since Professor Robertson Smith's See also:

• DEATH

(Eng. trans. by See also:

• FURNESS
• FURNESS, HORACE HOWARD (1833– )

H.