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land " (Heb. Negeb) on the south. The district is one of striking contrasts, with a lofty and stony table-land in the centre (which reaches a height of 3300 ft. just See also:

north of Hebron), with a strategically important valley dividing the central mountains from the See also:

low-land, and with the most desolate of tracts to the See also:

east (by the Dead Sea) and south.. Some parts, especially around Hebron, are extremely fertile, but the land as a whole has the characteristics of the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

WILDERNESS

wilderness—the so-called " See also:

DESERT

desert " is not a sterile See also:

SAHARA

Sahara—and was more fitted for See also:

PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral occupations; see further G. A. See also:

Smith, Hist. Geog. See also:

HOLY

Holy Land, chs. x.–xv. See also:

LIFE

Life in ancient Judah is frequently depicted in the See also:

Bible, but much of the Judaean See also:

HISTORY

history is obscure. In the days of the old See also:

HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy there were periods of conflict and rivalry between Judah and Israel—even times when the latter incorporated, or at least claimed supremacy over, the former.

Later, from the 5th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. there was a See also:

BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between the See also:

Jews (the name is derived from Judah) and the See also:

SAMARITANS

Samaritans (q.v.). The intervening years after the fall of See also:

SAMARIA

Samaria (722 B.C.), and after the destruction of Jerusalem (586 B.C.), were probably marked by closer intercourse, similar to the See also:

period of See also:

union in the popular traditions See also:

RELATING

relating to the pre-monarchical See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age. The course of Judaean history was conditioned, also, by the proximity of the See also:

PHILISTINES

Philistines in the west, See also:

MOAB

Moab in the east, and by See also:

EDOM

Edom and other southern peoples extending from North See also:

ARABIA

Arabia to the See also:

DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the See also:

Nile. Judah's stormy history, continued under See also:

Greek and See also:

ROMAN

Roman domination, reached its See also:

CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax in the See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, and ended with the fall of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 (see JEWS, PALESTINE). In conformity with ancient methods of See also:

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy (q.v.), Judah is traced back to a son of See also:

Jacob or Israel by Leah and along with other " tribes " (See also:

Dan, See also:

Levi, See also:

Simeon, &c.) is included under the collective See also:

TERM

term Israel. Thus it shares the See also:

general traditions of the Israelites, although Judah appears as an individual in the See also:

story of his " See also:

BROTHER

brother " See also:

Joseph (on ch. See also:

XXXVII

xxxvii. seq., see See also:

GENESIS). Its boundaries in See also:

JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua xv. are manifestly artificial or imaginary; they include the Philistines and number places which are elsewhere ascribed to Simeon or Dan. The origin of the name (Yehudah) is quite uncertain; the See also:

INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation " praised " is suggested in Gen. See also:

XXIX

xxix. 35 (cf. xlix. 8 seq.), but some connexion with allied names, as Yehud (Yahudiya, E. of Jaffa), or See also:

EHUD

Ehud (a Benjamite See also:

CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan) seems more probable. That Judah, whatever its See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

CONNOTATION

connotation, underwent development through the See also:

INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of other clans appears from 1 Chron. ii., iv., where it is found to contain a large See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of non-Israelite See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population whose names find analogies or See also:

PARALLELS

parallels in Simeonite, Edomite and other southern lists., Indeed, I See especially See also:

WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen, De gentibus et familiis Judaeorum (See also:

GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1869), the articles on the relative proper names in the Ency.

Bib., and E. See also:

Meyer, See also:

Die Israeliten u. ihre Nachbarstamme, pp. 299–471 (much valuable See also:

MATTER

matter).underlying the See also:

account of the Israelite See also:

exodus (q.v.) there are traces of a See also:

SEPARATE

separate See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of certain clans—apart from the Israelite invasion of Palestine—who are ultimately found in the south of Judah; and the traditions in See also:

CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles themselves allow the view that the incorporation of these elements began under See also:

David, when Judah first occupies a prominent position in biblical history (cf. See also:

CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Ency. Bib., See also:

col. 2618 seq., and see See also:

CALEB (Heb. keleb, " dog ")

CALEB, See also:

JERAHMEEL, (Heb. " May God pity ")

JERAHMEEL, See also:

KENITES

KENITES). But such movements were not necessarily limited to one single period, and the See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence connecting (a) the non-Israelite clans of Judah with See also:

LEVITES

Levites, and (b) both with the south, is found in narratives referring to several different ages and might point to an unceasing relationship with the south. On the other See also:

hand, clans, which in the traditions of David's See also:

time were in the south of Judah, about five See also:

HUNDRED

hundred years later (in the See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile) are found near Jerusalem (e.g. Caleb), so that either these survived the strenuous vicissitudes of See also:

HALF

half a See also:

MILLENNIUM (a pseudo-Latin word formed on the analogy of biennium, triennium, from Lat. milk, a thousand, and armies, year)

millennium or all See also:

PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective of their See also:

early history has been lost. In Gen. xxxviii. a curious narrative points to the separation of Judah " from his brethren " and his See also:

MARRIAGE

marriage with Shua the Canaanite; two sons Er and Onan perish and the third Shelah survives. From Judah and Er's widow Tamar are derived See also:

PEREZ, ANTONIO (c. 1540-1611)

Perez and Zerah, and these with Shelah appear in See also:

POST

post-exilic times as the three representative families of Judah (Neh. xi. 4–6; 1 Chron. ix.

4–6). This story, amid a number of other motives, appears to reflect the growth of the tribe of Judah and its fluctuations, but that the reference is to any very early period is unlikely, partly because the See also:

INTEREST

interest of the story is In post-exilic families, and partly because the scenes (See also:

ADULLAM

Adullam, Chezib and Timnah) overlap with David's own fights between Hebron and Jerusalem (2 Sam. xxi. See also:

XXIII

xxiii.; see DAVID, ad fin.).2 Even David's See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of Jerusalem (2 Sam. v.) conflicts both with the statement of its See also:

CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by Judah many years previously (See also:

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges i. 8), and with the traditions of the Israelite heroes Joshua and See also:

SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul. Consequently, the few surviving data are too uncertain for any decisive conclusions regarding the origin of the tribe of Judah. Judah as a kingdom may have taken its name from a limited district, in which See also:

case its growth finds a parallel in the See also:

EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the name Samaria from the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city to the See also:

province. The location of Yehud and Ehud in the See also:

LIGHT

light of 1 See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings iv. 8-19 (perhaps the subdivisions of the Israelite kingdom, see See also:

SOLOMON), would necessitate the See also:

ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of a violent separation from the north; this, however, is quite conceivable (see JEws, §§ 11–13). On the bearing of South Judah upon the See also:

HISTORICAL

historical See also:

criticism of the Old Testament, see especially N. See also:

Schmidt, Hibbert See also:

Journal (1908), pp. 322–342, " The Jerahmeel Theory and the Historic Importance of the Negeb, with some account of See also:

PERSONAL

personal exploration of the country "; also JEws, § 20. (S. A.

End of Article: JUDAH

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