See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

This lake receives at its See also:

• NORTHERN

See also:

• TERTIARY

Magdala group. Jurassic. Ashangi group. Archaean.—The metamorphic rocks compose the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

The fossils are all characteristic Oolite forms and include See also:

• SPECIES

In the deep valleys of the Takazze and Abai, and generally in places below 4000 ft., the conditions are tropical and fevers are prevalent. On the uplands, however, the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

The rainfall varies from about 30 in. a year in Tigre and See also:

• AMHARA

The fruit of the kurarina, a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

There are large herds of See also:

• BUFFALO

There are thousands of varieties of butterflies and other insects. (7) Provinces and Towns.—Politically, Abyssinia is divided into provinces or kingdoms and dependent territories: The chief provinces are Tigre, which occupies the N.E. of the country; Amhara or See also:

• GONDAR

In Tigre there are See also:

• ADOWA (properly ADUA)

Communications.—The Jibuti-Dire Dawa railway has been mentioned above. The continuation of this railway to the capital was begun in 1906 from the Adis Ababa end. There are;few roads in Abyssinia suitable for wheeled See also:

• TRAFFIC

The low grounds also produce a grain, tocussa, from which black bread is made. Besides these, certain oleaginous plants, the suf, nuc and selite (there are no See also:

• EUROPEAN

" Harrar-Mocha " is of first-class quality. It is grown in the highlands of Harrar, and cultivated with extreme care. The raising of cotton received a considerable impetus in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

The hillsides are laid out in terraces and carefully irrigated in the dry season, the channels being often two miles or more long. Of all the cereals barley is the most widely grown. The See also:

• AVERAGE

The horns of the large goats are often See also:

• THIRTY

There are also gold mines in southern Shoa. The See also:

• ANNUAL

For live stock there is a good trade with See also:

• MADAGASCAR

The emperor, styled See also:

• NEGUS

The months have thirty days each, and are thus named: Maskarram, Tekemt, Hadar, Tahsas, Tarr, Yekatit, Magawit, Miaziah, Genbot, Sanni, Hamle, Nas'hi. The remaining five days in the year, termed Pagmen or Quaggimi (six in leap-year, the extra day being named Kadis Yohannis), are put in at the end and treated as holidays. Abyssinian reckoning is about seven years eight months behind the Gregorian. Festivals, such as See also:

• EASTER

There is a small See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

But the official language and that of all the upper classes is of Semitic origin, derived from the ancient Himyaritic, which is the most archaic member of the Semitic linguistic family. Geez, as it is called, was introduced with the first immigrants from See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

. If the boy does not See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

Mutton and See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

It consists of See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

For See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

The inside walls are plastered with cow-dung, clay and finely chopped straw. None of the houses have chimneys, and See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

Among the finest frescoes are those in the church of the See also:

• HOLY

At Axum, the site of the ancient capital, many vestiges of its former greatness still exist; and the ruins of Adulis, which was once a sea-port on the bay of Annesley, are now about 4 M. from the See also:

• SHORE

1000, a Jewish princess, See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

John See also:

• BERMUDEZ

J. Poncet, who See also:

• PONCE

The seat of government, or rather of overlordship, has usually been in Amhara, the ruler of which, calling himself negus negusti (king of kings, or emperor), has exacted See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

Society, and were well received by the ras of Tigre. Mr Kugler died soon after his arrival, and his place was subsequently supplied by Mr C. W. Isenberg, who was followed by Dr See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

M. E. See also:

• COMBES, [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE (1835– )

Mr Stern arrived in Abyssinia in 186o, and after a visit to Europe returned in 1863, accompanied by Mr and Mrs See also:

• ROSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD (1848– )

He was educated in a monas-. tery, but preferred a more active See also:

• LIFE

Shortly afterwards Kassa moved against Tigre, defeated Ubie's forces at Deragie, in Simen (February 1855), took their chief prisoner and proclaimed himself negus negusti of Ethiopia under the name of Theodore III. He now turned his attention to Shoa. (19) Retracing our steps for a moment in that direction, we find that in 1813 Sahela (or See also:

• SELLA, QUINTINO (1827-1884)

Melicoth at once proclaimed himself negus, and by sending for Massaja, who had arrived at Gondar, gave rise to the suspicion that he wished to have himself crowned as emperor. By increasing his dominions at the expense of the Gallas, he still further roused the jealousy of the northerners, and a treaty which he concluded with Ras Ali against Kassa in 185o deter-mined the latter to crush him at the earliest opportunity. Thus it was that in 1855 Kassa, under the name of the emperor Theodore, advanced against Shoa with a large army. Dissensions See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

The British See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

He proceeded to the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

They suffered See also:

• HUNGER

The task to be accomplished was to march over 400 miles of a mountainous and little-known country, inhabited by See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

Through some misunderstanding, word was sent to Theodore that the present would be accepted, and he felt that he was now safe; but in the evening he learned that it had not been received, and despair again seized him. Early next morning he attempted to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

1827 Mashasha Menelek II. =Taitu b. 1844 I I I 1 son Zauditu Tanina Work (dead) (Judith) (daughter) On the retirement of Theodore's forces from Shoa in 1855, Siefu, brother of Haeli Melicoth, proclaimed himself negus of Shoa at Ankober, and beat the local representatives of the northern government. The emperor returned, however, in 1858, and after several repulses succeeded in entering Ankober, where he behaved with great cruelty, murdering or mutilating all the inhabitants. Siefu kept up a gallant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

With the help of the rifles and guns presented to him by the British, he had beaten Ras Bareya of Tigre, Wagshum Gobassie of Amhara and Tekla Giorgis of Condar, and after proclaiming himself negus negusti under the name of Johannes or John, was now preparing to march on Shoa. Here, however, Menelek was saved from probable destruction through the action of Egypt. This power had, by the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

(23) Menelek's kingdom was meanwhile torn in See also:

• TWAIN, MARK

Reinforcements were sent from Italy, whilst in the autumn the British government stepped in and tried to mediate by means of a mission under Mr (afterwards Sir Gerald) Portal. His mission, however proved abortive, and after many difficulties and dangers he returned to Egypt at the end of the year. In April 1888 the Italian forces, numbering over 20,000 men, came into See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

As it happened, Count Antonelli was with Menelek when he claimed ! The main object of this mission was to seek John's assistance in evacuating the Egyptian garrisons in the Sudan, which were threatened by the dervishes. Ras Alula died February 1897, aged about 52. He had raised himself by his military talents from being a See also:

• GROOM

On his return Baratieri found that Mangasha was intriguing with the dervishes, and had actually crossed the frontier with a large army: At Koatit and Senafe (13th to 15th January 1895) Mangasha was met and heavily defeated by Baratieri, who occupied Adrigat in March. But as the year wore on the Italian commander pushed his forces unsupported too far to the south. Menelek was advancing with a large army in national support of Mangasha, and the subsequent reverses at Amba Alagi (7th December 1895) and Macalle (23rd January 1896) forced the Italians to fall back. Reinforcements of many thousands were meanwhile arriving at Massawa, .and in February Baratieri took the field at the head of over 13,000 men. Menelek's army, amounting to about 90,000, had during this time advanced, and was occupying a strong position at Abba Garima, near Adua (or Adowa). Here Baratieri attacked him on the 1st of March, but the difficulties of the country were great,'and one of the four Italian brigades had pushed too far forward. This See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

(25) The war, so disastrous to Italy, attracted the attention of all Europe to Abyssinia and its monarch, and numerous missions, two See also:

• RUSSIAN

E. Butter's) was despatched in 1901 td propose and survey a boundary between Abyssinia on the one side and British East Africa and Uganda on the other; and the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

In any case, however, it is significant that the Abyssinians` have repeatedly been willing to co-operate with the British away from their own country. Regarding the question of See also:

• RAILWAYS

Meanwhile the country slowly See also:

• DEVELOPED

The terms of the agreement were settled in July 1906, and its See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Ethiopia to the Sudan," vol. xx. (1902), by C. See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Gesell. xlix. p. 568 (1897) ; C. A. See also:

• RAISIN (Fr. raisin, grape; Lat. racemes)

See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

L. J. Morie's Histoire de l'Ethiopie: Tome ii, "L'Abyssinie " (Paris, 1904), is a comprehensive survey (the views on modern affairs being coloured by a strong See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Books dealing with missionary enterprise are—Journal of a Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia, by Bishop Samuel Gobat (London, 1834); J. L. Krapf, Travels, Researches and Missionary Labours during an 18 years' residence in Eastern Africa (London, 186o) ; See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)