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settlement—and partly on the islets of Tautlub and Sheik Said, and the neighbouring mainland. Massawa Island is from 20 to 25 ft. above the sea, its length does not exceed a m. and its breadth is about t m. The See also:

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is formed by the channel between the island and the mainland. It affords See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorage in from 5 to 9 fathoms. The town possesses several good public buildings, chiefly built of coral, as are the houses of the See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

EUROPEAN

European and Arab merchants. Landward the town is guarded by forts erected by the Italians since 1885. See also:

WATER

Water was formerly scarce; but in 1872 an See also:

ancient See also:

AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct from Mokullu (5 m. distant westward) was restored and continued by an See also:

EMBANKMENT

embankment to the town. A railway connects Massawa with See also:

ASMARA

Asmara, the See also:

capital of the colony. Besides the Abyssinians, who speak a See also:

TIGRE

Tigre See also:

DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect corrupted with Arabic, the inhabitants comprise Italian officials and traders, Greeks, See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, See also:

ARABS

Arabs from See also:

YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen and See also:

HADRAMUT

Hadramut, See also:

Gallas and Somalis. Massawa is the natural port for See also:

NORTHERN

northern See also:

ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia but See also:

commerce is undeveloped owing to the lack of rapid means of communication.

The See also:

trade done consists mainly in exporting hides, See also:

BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, Abyssinian See also:

COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee and See also:

CIVET

civet, and importing European and See also:

INDIAN

Indian See also:

cotton goods and silks. It increased in value from about £65,000 per annum in 1865 (the last See also:

YEAR

year of See also:

TURKISH

Turkish See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control) to from £240,000 w £280,000 between 1879 and 1881, when under the See also:

ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

EGYPT

Egypt. Under the Italians trade greatly See also:

DEVELOPED

developed. The returns for the five years 1901-1905 showed an See also:

AVERAGE

average See also:

ANNUAL

annual value of £1,800,000, about two-thirds being imports. The island of Massawa has probably been inhabited from a very See also:

early date. It appears to have formed See also:

PART

part of the Abyssinian dominions for many centuries. It was at Massawa (Matzua, as it is called by the Portuguese chroniclers) that See also:

CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher da Gama and his comrades landed in See also:

JULY

July 1541 011 their way to aid the Abyssinians against the Moslem invaders. Captured by the See also:

TURKS

Turks in 1557, the island remained a Turkish See also:

possession over two See also:

HUNDRED

hundred years. A military colony of Bosnians settled at Arkiko (a port on the bay 4 M. See also:

south of Massawa Island) was appointed not only to defend it in See also:

case of attack from the mainland, but to keep it supplied with water in return for $1400 per See also:

month from the town's customs. For some See also:

time at the See also:

close of the 18th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Massawa was held by the sherif of See also:

MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, and it afterwards passed to Mehemet See also:

Ali to See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover all the movements mentioned; but this is a verbal subtlety of no importance. It is evident that alike among the Greeks, the Orientals, and See also:

savage races, the two processes have always been applied as part of the same treatment, and the See also:

DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition quoted above from See also:

LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre goes to show that the word " See also:

MASSAGE

massage " is properly applied to both. Rubbing has been subdivided into several processes, namely (I) stroking, (2) kneading, (3) rubbing, and (4) tapping, and some practitioners attach See also:

GREAT

great importance to the application of a particular See also:

PROCESS

process in a particular way.

As a See also:

RULE

rule, See also:

OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils and other See also:

LUBRICANTS

lubricants are not used. But, however it may be applied, the treatment acts essentially by increasing circulation and improving See also:

NUTRITION

nutrition. It has been shown by See also:

Lauder See also:

BRUNTON, MARY (1778–1818)

Brunton that more See also:

BLOOD

blood actually flows through the tissues during and after rubbing. The number of red corpuscles, and, to some extent, their haemoglobin value, are also said to be increased (See also:

Mitchell). At the same time the See also:

MOVEMENT

movement of the See also:

LYMPH

lymph stream is accelerated. In See also:

order to assist the flow of blood and lymph, stroking is applied centripetally, that is to say, upwards along the limbs and the See also:

LOWER

lower part of the See also:

BODY

body, downwards from the See also:

head. The effects of the increased physiological activity set up are numerous. Functional ability is restored to exhausted muscles by the removal of fatigue products and the See also:

INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction of a fresh blood See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply; congestion is relieved; collections of serous fluid are dispersed; secretion and See also:

EXCRETION (Lat. ex, out of, cernere, cretum, to separate)

excretion are stimulated; See also:

LOCAL

local and See also:

general nutrition are improved. These effects indicate the conditions in which massage may be usefully applied. Such are various forms of See also:

PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis and See also:

MUSCULAR

muscular wasting, chronic and subacute affections of the See also:

JOINTS

joints, muscular See also:

RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism, See also:

SCIATICA (from a late Lat. corruption, sciaticus, of Gr. ivXca&aKOS, from icxiov, the hip-joint)

sciatica and other neuralgias, local congestions, sprains, contractions, See also:

INSOMNIA

insomnia and some forms of headache, in which downward stroking from the head relieves cerebral congestion. It has also been used in See also:

ANAEMIA (from Gr. ay-, privative, and aiµa, blood)

anaemia, See also:

HYSTERIA

hysteria and " See also:

NEURASTHENIA (Gr. veuupov, nerve, and lur%veta, weakness)

neurasthenia," disorders of the See also:

FEMALE

female See also:

ORGANS

organs, See also:

MELANCHOLIA

melancholia and other forms of See also:

INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity, morphinism, obesity, See also:

CONSTIPATION (from Lat. constipare, to press closely together, whence also the adjective " costive ")

constipation, inflammatory and other affections of the See also:

eye, including even See also:

CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract. General massage is sometimes applied, as a See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form of passive exercise, to indolent persons whose tissues are overloaded with the products of incomplete See also:

METABOLISM (from Gr. ,uera(3oXh, change)

metabolism.

As with other methods of treatment, there has been a tendency oh the part of some practitioners to exalt it into a cure-all, and of others to ignore it altogether. Of its therapeutic value, when judiciously used, there is no doubt, but it is for the physician or surgeon to say when and how it should be applied. Affections to which it is not applicable are fevers, pregnancy, collections of pus, acute inflammation of the joints, inflamed See also:

VEINS

veins, fragile See also:

ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries, wounds of the skin and, generally speaking, those conditions in which it is not desirable to increase the circulation, or in which the patient cannot See also:

bear handling. In such conditions it may have a very injurious and even dangerous effect, and therefore should not be used in a haphazard manner without competent See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice. The revival of massage in See also:

EUROPE

Europe and See also:

AMERICA

America has called into existence a considerable number of professional operators, both male and female, who may be regarded as forming a See also:

BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

NURSING

nursing profession. Some of these are trained in hospitals or other institutions, some by private practitioners and some not at all. Similarly some are attached to organized See also:

SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies or institutions while others pursue their calling independently. Several things are required for a good operator. One is See also:

PHYSICAL

physical strength. Deep massage is very laborious See also:

WORK

work, and cannot be carried on for an See also:

HOUR

hour, or even See also:

HALF

half an hour, without unusual muscular See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. ' Feeble persons cannot practise it effectively at all. The duration of a sitting may vary from five or ten minutes to an hour.

For general massage at least half an hour is required. A masser should have strength enough to do the work without too obvious exhaustion, which gives the patient an unpleasant impression. A second requirement is tactile and muscular sensibility. A See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person not endowed with a See also:

FINE

fine sense of See also:

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch and resistance is liable to exert too great or too little pressure; the one hurts the patient, the other is ineffective. Then skill and knowledge, which can only be acquired by a course of instruction, are necessary. Finally, some See also:

GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of cleanliness and See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character is almost indispensable. See also:

INDEPENDENT

Independent massers may possess all these qualifications in a higher degree than those connected with an institution, but they may also be totally devoid of them, whereas connexion with a recognized See also:

HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital or society is a guarantee fora certain See also:

standard of efficiency. In See also:

LONDON

London there are several such institutions, which See also:

TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train and send out both male and female massers. The See also:

fee is 5s. an hour, or from two to four guineas a See also:

WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week. On the European See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, where trained massers are much employed by some practitioners, the fee is considerably lower; in the See also:

UNITED

United States it is higher. For reasons mentioned above, it is most desirable that patients should be attended by operators of their own See also:

SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex. If this is not insisted upon, a valuable therapeutic means will be in danger of falling into disrepute both with the medical profession and the general public.

(A.

End of Article: MASSAWA, or MASSOWAII

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