TURKS . The words " Turk " and " See also:

• TURKISH

The conquerors enslaved the men and married the See also:

• WOMEN

In comparison with them the Mongol and Manchu-speaking tribes, though conquerors in the East on no mean See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Tatar (q.v.) or See also:

• TARTAR

3. See also:

• KIRGHIZ

5. Uzbeg is a political and not an ethnological See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

7. The various Turkish tribes found on the eastern slopes of the Tian Shan, in See also:

• KASHGAR

They are sometimes called Tatars. to. See also:

• TURKOMAN

(g) The Salors, an old and important tribe, suffered much in the course of fights with the Tekkes and in 1857 migrated to Zarabad in Persian territory near the Hari-rud. (h) The Ersaris are now chiefly found near Khoja Salih. They were once a very important tribe on the upper Oxus. (i) The See also:

• ALI

(3) The Shekakis and Shah-seven. The latter is a political name which has become hereditary, " those who love the shah," i.e. partisans of the Safawi dynasty (1499–1736), and of the Shiite faith. (4) The Karakoyunlu living near the town of See also:

• KHOI

According to tradition the clan came from See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

They are industrious agriculturists and their women enjoy unusual freedom. They call themselves Eski-Turk or old Turks, and have a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

The name of the Khazars has a Turkish See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

From 1400 B.C. onwards, but especially about 200 B.C., Chinese history contains notices of warlike nomads called Hiung-nu or Hsiung-nu, who were a danger to the empire. Their political power See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

The period 546-582 marks the first brilliant See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

But their conquests, or at least their successful raids, extended very much farther to the west and south. In 63o the Chinese See also:

• PILGRIM

In the west, the campaigns of Qotaiba b. Moslim or Kutaiba (705—14) completed the Mahommedan See also:

• CONQUEST

When first heard of, the Karluk inhabited the country on the Irtysh and the Urungu, and subsequently occupied Teles and Tokmak. The Uighurs belonged to the group of tribes known as Tdlds or T'ie-le and established themselves at Balasaghun (also known by the forms Kara-Balghasun, Kara-Balgassun and Balagasun: see See also:

• KARAKORUM (Turkish, " black stone debris ")

On his See also:

• DEATH

The hordes of Jenghiz must have comprised a considerable Turkish element; the Mongols had no inclination to settle in cities, and Jagatai himself lived near See also:

• KULJA (Chinese, Ili-ho)

The Timurids were overthrown and succeeded by the Shaibani dynasty, a branch of the house of Juji, Jenghiz Khan's eldest son, to whom his See also:

• FATHER

The Osmanlis have also been affected by Byzantine and west European influences. Chinese historians and the Turkish inscriptions of the Orkhon and Yenisei give us a good deal of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

When troops were levied or taxes collected, the required amount was carved on a piece of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

The See also:

• SOVEREIGN

An interesting trace of Buddhism remains in the names Shaman and See also:

• SHAMANISM

The See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

The best-known Turkish languages, particularly Osmanli, have borrowed an enormous number of Arabic and Persian words which disguise the characters of the native vocabulary and to some extent affect the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

Thus in the east we find nin, ni, ga as suffixes for the genitive, See also:

• ACCUSATIVE (Lat. accusativus, sc. casus, a translation of the Gr. aletartKI vrrwves, the case concerned with cause and effect, from atria, a cause)

The result is that pure Turkish words written in Arabic letters are often hardly intelligible even to Turks and it is usual to employ Arabic synonyms as much as possible because there is no doubt as to how they should be read. Osmanli documents are often little more than a See also:

• STRING

They are greatly venerated by the Soyotes inhabiting the region. They were first discovered by Messerschmidt in 1722, and some of them were represented in the plates of Strahlenberg's Das See also:

• NORD

The vowels are generally omitted, even at the beginning of words, and, as in the modern Turkish method of using the Arabic alphabet, their quality is often indicated by the consonants, many of which have two forms, one used with soft the other with hard vowels. Thus See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Soc. of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF