Online Encyclopedia

short the greater proportion of that part of Central Asia which extends from 350 to 500 N. and from 72° to 970 E. The name, however, is more properly applied only to the See also:

PRESENT

present Chinese See also:

province of Tien Shan-pei-lu and the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country watered by the See also:

Ili. As a See also:

POLITICAL

political or See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

TERM

term it has practically disappeared from the See also:

map; but the range of mountains stretching north-east along the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern frontier of the See also:

LAND

Land of the Seven Streams, as the See also:

DISTRICT

district to the See also:

south-east of the Balkhash See also:

Lake is called, preserves the name of Dzungarian Range. f, The fifth See also:

SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol in the See also:

ENGLISH

English See also:

ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet occupies also the same position in Phoenician and in the other alphabets descended from Phoenician. As the Semitic alphabet did not represent vowels, E was originally an aspirate. Its earliest See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form, while See also:

writing is still from right to left, is A, the upright being continued some distance below the lowest of the See also:

CROSS

cross-strokes. In some of the See also:

Greek alphabets it appears as with the upright prolonged at both See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bottom, but it soon took the form with which we are See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, though in the earlier examples of this form the cross-strokes are not See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal but drop at an See also:

ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, In See also:

Corinth and places under its See also:

early See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence like See also:

MEGARA

Megara, or colonized from it like Corcyra, the symbol for e takes the form or B, while at See also:

SICYON, or SECYON (the latter being the older form used by the natives)

Sicyon in the 6th and 5th centuries B.c. it is represented by Z. In early Latin it was sometimes represented by two perpendicular strokes of equal length, 11.

In the earliest Greek See also:

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and always in Latin the symbol E represented both the short and the See also:

long e-See also:

sound. In Greek also it was often used for the See also:

close long sound which arose either by contraction of two short e-sounds or by the loss of a consonant, after a short e-sound, as in OtXEir€, " you love," for OtXierE, and f aetvos, " See also:

bright," out of an earlier 4,aeovbr. The Ionian Greeks of Asia See also:

Minor, who had altogether lost the aspirate, were the first to use the symbol H for the long e-sound, and in See also:

OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official documents at See also:

Athens down to 403 B.C., when the Greek alphabet as still known was adopted by the See also:

state, E represented e, n and the sound arising by contraction or consonant loss as mentioned above which henceforth was written with two symbols, et., and being really a single sound is known as the " See also:

SPURIOUS

spurious diphthong." There were some minor distinctions in usage of the symbols E and H which need not here be given in detail. The See also:

ancient Greek name was et, not Epsilon as popularly supposed; the names of the Greek letters are given from Kallias, an earlier contemporary of See also:

EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides, in See also:

ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus x. p. 453 d. In Greek the short e-sound to which E was ultimately limited was a close sound inclining more towards i than a; hence the See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of the contraction of EE by EL. Its value in Latin was exactly the opposite, the Latin short e being open, and the long close. In English there has been a See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual narrowing of the long vowels, a becoming approximately ei and e becoming i (Sweet, History of English Sounds, § § 781, 817 if. 2nd ed.). In See also:

LANGUAGES

languages where the diphthong ai has become a monophthong, the resulting sound is some variety of long e. Often the gradual assimilation can be traced through the inter-mediate See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of ae to e, as in the Old Latin aedilis, which in classical Latin is aedilis, and in See also:

MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

MSS. edilis. The variety of spelling in English for the long and short e-sounds is conveniently illustrated in See also:

MISS

Miss Soames's Introduction to the Study of See also:

PHONETICS (Gr. Davit, voice)

Phonetics, pp.

16 and 20. (P. GI.) See also:

EA (written by means of two signs signifying " See also:

house " and " See also:

WATER

water"), in the Babylonian See also:

religion, originally the See also:

PATRON

patron deity of See also:

ERIDU

Eridu, situated in ancient times at the See also:

head of the See also:

Persian Gulf, but now, by See also:

REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the See also:

CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of See also:

SOIL

soil in the See also:

EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates valley, at some distance from the gulf. Eridu, meaning " the See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city," was one of the See also:

OLDEST

oldest settlements in the Euphrates valley, and is now represented by the mounds known as See also:

Abu Shahrein. In the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of excavations on that site, we are dependent for our knowledge of Ea on material found elsewhere. This is, however, sufficient to enable us to state definitely that Ea was a water-deity, and there is every reason to believe that the Persian Gulf was the See also:

BODY

body of water more particularly sacred to him. Whether Ea (or A-e as some scholars prefer) represents the real See also:

PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation of his name we do not know. All attempts to connect Ea with Yah and Yahweh are idle conjectures without any substantial basis. He is figured as a See also:

man covered with the body of a See also:

fish, and thisrepresentation, as likewise the name of his See also:

temple E-apsu, " house of the watery deep," points decidedly to his See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as a See also:

god of the See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters (see See also:

OANNES

OANNES). Of his cult at Eridu, which reverts to the oldest See also:

period of Babylonian history, nothing definite is known beyond the fact that the name of his temple was E-saggila, " the lofty house "—pointing to a staged See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower as in the See also:

case of the temple of See also:

Bel (q.v.) at See also:

NIPPUR

Nippur, known as E-Kur, i.e. " See also:

mountain house "—and that incantations, involving ceremonial See also:

RITES

rites, in which water as a sacred See also:

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element played a prominent part, formed a feature of his See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship. Whether Eridu at one See also:

time also played an important political role is not certain, though not improbable.

At all events, the prominence of the Ea cult led, as in the case of Nippur, to the survival of Eridu as a sacred city, long after it had ceased to have any significance as a political centre. Myths in which Ea figures prominently have been found in See also:

Assur-bani-See also:

PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal's library, indicating that Ea was regarded as the See also:

PROTECTOR

protector and teacher of mankind. He is essentially a god of See also:

CIVILIZATION

civilization, and it was natural that he was also looked upon as the creator of man, and of the See also:

WORLD

world in See also:

general. Traces of this view appear in the See also:

MARDUK (Bib'. MERODACH2)

Marduk epic celebrating the achievements of this god, and the close connexion between the Ea cult at Eridu and that of Marduk also follows from two considerations: (I) that the name of Marduk's See also:

SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary at See also:

BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon bears the same name, E-saggila, as that of Ea in Eridu, and (2) that Marduk is generally termed the son of Ea, who derives his See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers from the voluntary See also:

ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of the See also:

FATHER

father in favour of his son. Accordingly, the incantations originally composed for the Ea cult were re-edited by the priests of Babylon and adapted to the worship of Marduk, and, similarly, the See also:

HYMNS

hymns to Marduk betray traces of the See also:

TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of attributes to Marduk which originally belonged to Ea. It is, however, more particularly as the third figure in the triad, the two other members of which were See also:

Anu (q.v.) and Bel (q.v.), that Ea acquires his permanent See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

pantheon. To him was assigned the See also:

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the watery element, and in this capacity he becomes the shay apsi, i.e. See also:

king of the Apsu or " the deep." The Apsu was figured as an ocean encircling the See also:

earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as En-Ki, i.e. " See also:

lord of that which is below," in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the " above " or the heavens. The cult of Ea extended throughout Babylonia and See also:

ASSYRIA

Assyria. We find temples and shrines erected in his hoizour, e.g. at Nippur, Girsu, Ur, Babylon, Sippar and See also:

NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike See also:

bear See also:

witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-See also:

ASSYRIAN

Assyrian history. The See also:

CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of Ea, known as Damkina, " See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of that which is below," or Nin-Ki, having the same meaning, or Damgal-nunna, " great lady of the waters," represents a See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale reflection of Ea and plays a part merely in association with her lord. (M.

End of Article: DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or JTNGARIA

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.

» Add information or comments to this article.

Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.

Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
DYSTELEOLOGY

[next]
EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)