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ASTRAKHAN

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Originally appearing in Volume V02, Page 795 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.

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ASTRAKHAN , a See also:

TOWN

town of E. See also:

Russia, See also:

capital of the See also:

GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Astrakhan, on the See also:

LEFT

left See also:

BANK

bank of the See also:

main channel of the See also:

VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, 5o m. from the See also:

CASPIAN

Caspian See also:

Sea, in 46° 2r' N. See also:

LAT

lat. and 48° 5' E. See also:

long. Since the growth of the See also:

PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of See also:

BAKU

Baku and the construction of the Transcaspian railway, Astrakhan has become an important commercial centre, exporting See also:

fish, See also:

CAVIARE, or CAVIAR

caviare, See also:

SUGAR

sugar, metals, See also:

NAPHTHA

naphtha, cottons and woollens, and importing See also:

GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

cotton, See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit and See also:

TIMBER

timber, to the aggregate value of £8,250,000 with See also:

FOREIGN

foreign countries and of £14,500,000 with the interior of Russia. The town gives its name to the " See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur " called " astrakhan," the skin of the new-See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

Persian See also:

lamb, and so to an See also:

IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation in rough woollen See also:

CLOTH

cloth. There is some tanning, See also:

SHIP

ship-See also:

BUILDING

building and See also:

BREWING

brewing, and making of See also:

SOAP

soap, See also:

TAR

tar and machinery. Astrakhan is the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

PORT

port on the Caspian Sea and the See also:

head-quarters of the See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian Caspian See also:

FLEET

fleet. The See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city consists of (I) the kreml or citadel (1550), crowning a See also:

hill, on which stand also the spacious See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral containing the tombs of two Georgian princes, the See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop's See also:

PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and the monastery of the Trinity; (2) the Byelogorod or See also:

White Town, containing the administrative offices and the bazaars; and (3) the suburbs, where most of the See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population resides. The buildings in the first two quarters are of See also:

stone, in the third of See also:

wood, irregularly arranged along unpaved, dirty streets. The city is the see of a See also:

Greek See also:

CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic archbishop and of an Armenian archbishop, and contains a Lamaist monastery, as well as technical See also:

SCHOOLS

schools, an ichthyological museum, the See also:

Peter museum, with ethnographical, archaeological and natural See also:

HISTORY

history collections, a botanical See also:

GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, an ecclesiastical See also:

SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, and See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good squares and public gardens, one of which is adorned with a statue (1884) of See also:

Alexander II. Vineyards surround the city. Astrakhan was anciently the capital of a Tatar See also:

state, and stood some 7 M. farther See also:

north. After this was destroyed by the Mongol See also:

prince Timur the See also:

GREAT

Great in 1395, the existing city was built.

The See also:

TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars were expelled about 1554 by See also:

IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan IV. of Russia. In 7569 the city was besieged by the See also:

TURKS

Turks, but they were defeated with great slaughter by the Russians. In 1670 it was seized by the See also:

REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel Stenka See also:

RAZIN, STEPHEN TIMOFEEVICH (d. 1671)

Razin; See also:

early in the following See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Peter the Great constructed here a See also:

SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yard and made Astrakhan the See also:

BASE

base for his hostilities against See also:

PERSIA

Persia, and later in the same century See also:

Catherine II. accorded the city important See also:

INDUSTRIAL

industrial privileges. In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 17r9 was plundered by the Persians; and in 1830 the See also:

CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera swept away a large number of its See also:

PEOPLE

people. In the See also:

MIDDLE

middle ages the city was known also as Jitarkhan and Ginterkhan. Pop. (1867) 47,839; (1900) 121,580. Eight See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles above Astrakhan, on the right bank of the Volga., are the ruins of two See also:

ancient cities superimposed one upon the other. In the upper, which may represent the city of Balanjar (Balansar, Belenjer), have been found See also:

gold and See also:

SILVER

silver coins struck by Mongol rulers, as well as ornaments in the same metals. The older and scantier underlying ruins are supposed to be those of the once large and prosperous city of Itil or Atel (Etel, Idl) of the Arab geographers, a See also:

RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

khan of the See also:

KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars, destroyed by the Russians in 969. (P. A.

End of Article: ASTRAKHAN

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