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bed of the Amu contains shells of molluscs now living in the Amu (Cyrena fluminalis, Dreissensia polymerpha and Anotlanta). The Sary-kamysh basin is characterized by deposits containing Neritina liturata, Dreissensia polymerpha and Limnaeus, See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character- istic of this basin. Below the Sary-kamysh there are no deposits containing shells characteristic of the Amu ; Anodontae are found quite occasionally on the See also:

SURFACE

surface, not in beds, in See also:

COMPANY

company with the Caspian Cardium (Didacna) trigonoides, See also:

var. crassum, Cardium piramidalum. Dreissensia polymorpha, D. rostriformis, Hydrobia caspia, Neritina liturata and Dreissensia beardii; the' red See also:

CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays containing these fossils extend for 130 m. east of the Caspian (Izvestio of Russ. Geog.

See also:

Soc., 1883 and 1886). ' As by Jenkinson, who mentions a See also:

FRESHWATER

freshwater gulf of the Caspian within six days' See also:

march from Khwarezm (or See also:

KHIVA

Khiva), by which gulf he could only mean the Sary-kamysh depression. The Turkomans See also:

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call this See also:

SOUTHERN

southern " old bed` Unghyuz or Onguz (" dry old bed'')', and there can be no doubt that when the Bolshoi-Chertezh of the 16th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (speaking from anterior See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information) mentions a See also:

RIVER

river, Ughyuz or Ugus, flowing See also:

west from the Amu towards the Caspian, it is merely describing as a river what the very name shows to have been a dry bed, supposed to have been once occupied by a river. The similarity of the names Ongus and Ugus with Ogus and Ochus possibly helped • to accentuate, if not to give rise to, the confusion. Cf. N. G. Petrusevich, "The South-east Shores of the Caspian," in Zapiski of the Caucasian Geographical Society (188o), vol. xi. Included in the See also:

TOTAL

total were some 280,000 Turkomans, 6o,000 See also:

KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz, 12,000 Russians, 8000 Persians, 4250 Armenians, and some See also:

TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars. The estimated population in 1906 was 397,100. The See also:

province is divided into five districts, the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of which are Askhabad, the See also:

capital; See also:

KRASNOVODSK

Krasnovodsk; Fort Alexandrovskiy, in the See also:

DISTRICT

district of Manghishlak, on the Caspian See also:

Sea; Mery and Tejen. Until a See also:

RECENT

recent date the chief occupations of the Turkomans were See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing and See also:

ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery.

Even those who had settled abodes on the oases of the Atok, Tejen and Mery were in the See also:

HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of encamping during the See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring in the See also:

STEPPES

steppes, the khanates of Afghan See also:

Turkestan from See also:

BALKH

Balkh to Meshhed being periodically devastated by them. The aspect of the See also:

STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe has, however, greatly changed since the Russian advance and the fall (1881) of the See also:

TURKOMAN

Turkoman stronghold of Geok-tepe. Their See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal oases are situated along the Atok or See also:

LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess See also:

TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace, the chief settlements being Askhabad, Kyzyl-arvat and Geok-tepe. The See also:

OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis of Mery is inhabited by Akhal-tekkes (about 240,000), mostly poor. In See also:

JANUARY

January 1887 they submitted to See also:

Russia. The oasis of Tejen has sprung up where the river Tejen (Heri-rud) terminates in the See also:

DESERT

desert. South-west Turcomania.-The region between the Heri-rud and the Murghab has the characteristics of a See also:

plateau, reaching about 2000 ft. above the sea, with hills 500 and boo ft. high covered with See also:

sand, the spaces between being filled with loess. The Borkhut Mountains which connect the Kopet-dagh with the Sefid-kuh in See also:

AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan reach 3000 to 4000 ft., and are cleft by the Heri-rud. Thickets of See also:

poplar and See also:

WILLOW (Salix)

willow accompany both the Murghab and the Heri-rud. Pistachio and mulberry trees grow in isolated clumps on the hills; but there are few places available for cultivation, and the Saryk Turkomans (some 6o,000 in number) congregate in only two oases—Yol-otan or Yelatan, and Penjdeh. The Sarakhs oasis is occupied by the Salor Turkomans, hereditary enemies of the Tekke Turkomans; they number about 3000 tents at Old Sarakhs, and 1700 more on the Mlurghab, at Chardjui, at Maimene (or Meimane), and See also:

close to See also:

HERAT

Herat. The Transcaspian Region is very See also:

rich in minerals.

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