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Archipelago. But the Tunguses proper are chiefly centred in the region watered by the three large eastern tributaries of the Yenisei, which from them take their names of the Upper, See also:

MIDDLE

Middle or Stony, and See also:

LOWER

Lower Tunguska. Here the Tunguses are known to the See also:

SAMOYEDES

Samoyedes by the name of Aiya or " younger See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers," implying a comparatively See also:

RECENT

recent See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration (confirmed by other indications) from the Amur basin, which appears to be the See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

home both of the Tunguses and of the closely allied Manchus. The Amur is See also:

SAIL

sail ,nainly a Tungus river almost from its source to its mouth: the Oroches (Orochus), Daurians, Birars, See also:

GOLDS

Golds, Manegrs, Sanagirs, Ngatkons, Nigidals, and some other aboriginal tribes scattered along the main stream and its affluents—the Shilka, Sungari and Usuri—are all of Tungus stock and speech. On the Pacific the See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief subdivisions of the race are the Lamuts, or " See also:

sea people," grouped in small isolated See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting communities See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the west See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Sea of See also:

OKHOTSK, SEA OF

Okhotsk, and farther See also:

south the Tazi between the Amur See also:

DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta and Korea. The whole race, exclusive of Manchus, See also:

numbers probably little more than 50,000, of whom some io,000 are in the Amur basin, the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest in Siberia. The Tungus type is essentially Mongolic, being characterized by broad See also:

FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat features, small See also:

NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, wide mouth, thin lips, small See also:

black and somewhat oblique eyes, black lank See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, dark See also:

OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive or See also:

BRONZE

bronze complexion, See also:

low stature, averaging not more than 5 ft. 4 in.; they are distinguished from other Mongolic peoples by the square shape of the See also:

SKULL

skull and the slim, wiry, well-proportioned figure. This description applies more especially to the Tunguska tribes, who may be regarded as typical Tunguses, and who, unlike most other See also:

MONGOLS

Mongols, betray no tendency to obesity.

They are classed by the Russians, according to their various pursuits, as See also:

REINDEER

Reindeer, See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse, See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle, See also:

Dog, See also:

STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

Steppe and See also:

FOREST

Forest Tunguses. A few have become settled agriculturists; but the See also:

GREAT

great bulk of the race are still essentially forest hunters, using the reindeer both as mounts and as See also:

pack animals. Nearly all See also:

lead See also:

NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad lives in pursuit of See also:

FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-bearing animals; whose skins they See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply to Russian and See also:

YAKUT, or YAKUT (Yaqut ibn 'Abdallah ur-Rumi) (1179-1229)

Yakut traders in See also:

EXCHANGE

exchange for provisions, clothing and other necessaries of See also:

LIFE

life. The picturesque and even elegant See also:

NATIONAL

national See also:

costume shows in its ornamentation and See also:

general See also:

style decided See also:

JAPANESE

Japanese See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, due no doubt to See also:

long-continued intercourse with that nation at some See also:

period previous to the spread of the race from the Amur valley to Siberia. Many of the Tungus tribes have been baptized, and are, therefore, reckoned as " See also:

Greek Christians "; but Russian orthodoxy has not penetrated far below the See also:

SURFACE

surface, and most of them are still at See also:

heart Shamanists and nature-worshippers, secretly keeping the See also:

TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth and claws of See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals as idols or amulets, and observing See also:

Christian See also:

RITES

rites only under compulsion. But, whether Christians or pagans, all alike are distinguished above other Asiatics, perhaps above all other peoples, for their truly See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble moral qualities. All observers describe them as "cheerful under the most depressing circumstances, persevering, open-hearted, trustworthy, modest yet self-reliant, a fearless race of hunters, See also:

BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born amidst the gloom of their dense See also:

PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine forests, exposed from the See also:

CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle to every danger from wild beasts, See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

HUNGER

hunger. Want and hardships of every See also:

KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind they endure with surprising fortitude, and nothing can induce them to take service under the Russians or quit their solitary woodlands " (See also:

KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane's See also:

ASIA

Asia, p. 479). Their numbers are steadily decreasing owing to the ravages of small-pox, See also:

SCARLET

scarlet See also:

FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and especially See also:

FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, their most dreaded enemy. Their domain is also being continually encroached upon by the aggressive Yakuts from the See also:

north and east, and from the south by the Slays, now settled in compact bodies in the See also:

province of See also:

IRKUTSK

Irkutsk about the upper course of the Yenisei. It is remarkable that, while the Russians often show a tendency to become assimilated to the Yakuts, the most vigorous and expansive of all the Siberian peoples, the Tunguses everywhere yield before the advance of their more civilized neighbours or become absorbed in the surrounding Slav communities.

In the Amur valley the same See also:

FATE

fate is overtaking the kindred tribes, who are disappearing before the great waves of Chinese See also:

MIGRATION

migration from the south and Russian encroachments both from the east and west. See L. See also:

Adam, Grammaire de la langue toungouse (See also:

Paris, 1874) ; C. Hickisch, See also:

Die Tungusen (St See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1879) ; L. Schrenck, Reisen and Forschungen See also:

IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Amurlande (St Petersburg, 1881—1891); Mainov, Niekotorya dannyia (Irkutsk, 1898).

End of Article: TUNGUSES

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