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chain, which Ditmar calls central, seems to be interrupted under 57° N. by a deep indentation corresponding to the valley of the Tighil. There too the hydrographical network, as well as the See also:

south-See also:

west to See also:

north-See also:

east strike of the See also:

clay-slates and metamorphic See also:

SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists on Ditmar's See also:

map, seem to indicate the existence of two chains See also:

RUNNING

running south-west to north-east, parallel to the volcanic chain of S.-E. Kamchatka. Glaciers were not known till the See also:

YEAR

year 1899, when they were discovered on the Byelaya and Ushkinskaya (15,400 ft.) mountains. Thick See also:

TERTIARY

Tertiary deposits, probably See also:

MIOCENE

Miocene, overlie the See also:

MIDDLE

middle portions of the west See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast. The See also:

SOUTHERN

southern parts of the central range are composed of granites, syenites, porphyries and crystalline slates, while in the north of Ichinskaya See also:

VOLCANO

volcano, which is the highest See also:

SUMMIT

summit of the peninsula (16,920 ft.), the mountains consist chiefly of Tertiary sandstones and old volcanic rocks.

See also:

COAL

Coal-bearing See also:

CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays containing fresh-See also:

WATER

water molluscs and dicotyledonous See also:

PLANTS

plants, as also conglomerates, alternate with the sandstones in these Tertiary deposits. See also:

AMBER

Amber is found in them. Very extensive layers of melaphyre and See also:

ANDESITE

andesite, as also of conglomerates and volcanic tuffs, See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the middle portions of the peninsula. The south-eastern portion is occupied by a chain of volcanoes, running along the indented coast, from Cape Lopatka to Cape Kronotskiy (540 25' N.), and separated from the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the peninsula by the valleys of the Bystraya (an affluent of the Bolstraya, on the west coast) and Kamchatka See also:

rivers. Another chain of volcanoes runs from Ichinskaya (which burst into activity several times in the 18th and 19th centuries) to Shiveluch, seemingly parallel to the above but farther north. The two chains contain twelve active and twenty-six See also:

EXTINCT

extinct volcanoes, from 7000 to more than 15,000 ft. high. The highest volcanoes are grouped under 56° N., and the highest of them, Kluchevskaya (16,990 ft.), is in a See also:

state of almost incessant activity(notable outbreaks in 1729, 1737, 1841, 1853—1854, and 1896—1897), a flow of its See also:

LAVA

lava having reached to Kamchatka See also:

RIVER

river in 1853. The active Shiveluch (9900 ft.) is the last volcano of this chain. Several lakes and probably Avacha See also:

Bay are old craters. See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper, See also:

mercury, and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ores, as also pure copper, ochre and See also:

SULPHUR

sulphur, are found in the peninsula. The See also:

PRINCIPAL

principal river is the Kamchatka (325 M. See also:

long), which flows first north-eastwards in a fertile See also:

LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valley, and then, bending suddenly to the east, pierces the above-mentioned volcanic chain. The other rivers are the Tighil (135 M.) and the Bolstraya (120 m.), both flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk; and the Avacha, flowing into the Pacific.

The floating See also:

ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice which accumulates in the See also:

NORTHERN

northern parts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold current which flows along the east coast of the peninsula render its summers chilly, but the See also:

winter is relatively warm, and temperatures below -400 F. are experienced only in the See also:

HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of the interior and on the Okhotsk littoral. The See also:

AVERAGE

average temperatures at See also:

PETROPAVLOVSK

Petropavlovsk (53° N:) are: year 37° F., See also:

JANUARY

January 17°, See also:

JULY

July 58°; while in the valley of the Kamchatka the average temperature of the winter is 16°, and of the summer as high as 58° and 64°. See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain and See also:

SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow are copious, and dense fogs enshroud the coast in summer; consequently the mountains are well clothed with See also:

TIMBER

timber and the meadows with grass, except in the tundras of the north. The natives eat extensively the bulbs of the Martagon See also:

LILY

lily, and weave See also:

CLOTH

cloth out of the See also:

fibres of the Kamchatka See also:

NETTLE (0. Eng. netele, cf. Ger. Nessel)

nettle. Delphinopterus leucus, the sea-See also:

lion (Otaria Stelleri), and See also:

WALRUS, or MORSE (Odobaenus rosmarus)

walrus abound off the coasts. The sea-See also:

otter (Enhydris marina) has been destroyed. The See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (5846 in 1870) was 7270 in 1900. The southern part of the peninsula is occupied by Kamchadales, who exhibit many attributes of the Mongolian See also:

RACE

race, but are more similar to the See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines of N.E. See also:

ASIA

Asia and N.W. See also:

AMERICA

America. Fishing (quantities of See also:

salmon enter the rivers) and See also:

HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting are their See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief occupations. See also:

Dog-sledges are principally used as means of communication.

The efforts of the See also:

government to introduce See also:

CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeding have failed. The Kamchadale See also:

LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language cannot be assigned to any known See also:

GROUP

group; its vocabulary is extremely poor. The purity of the See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue is best preserved by the See also:

PEOPLE

people of the Penzhinsk See also:

DISTRICT

district on the W. coast. North of 57° N. the peninsula is peopled with See also:

Koryaks, settled and See also:

NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad, and Lamuts (See also:

TUNGUSES

Tunguses), who came from the W. coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The principal Russian settlements are: Petropavlovsk, on the E. coast, on Avacha Bay, with an excellent roadstead; Verkhne-Kamchatsk and Nizhne-Kamchatsk in the valley of the Kamchatka river; Bolsheryetsk, on the Bolshaya; and Tighil, on the W. coast. The Russians made their first settlements in Kamchatka in the end of the 17th See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; in 1696 Atlasov founded Verkhne-Kamchatsk, and in 1704 Robelev founded Bolsheryetsk. In 1720 a survey of the peninsula was undertaken; in 1725—1730 it was visited by Bering's expedition; and in 1733—1745 it was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the labours of the Krasheninnikov and Steller expedition. See G. A. See also:

ERMAN, PAUL (1764-1851)

Erman, Reise See also:

URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

urn See also:

die Erde iii., (See also:

Berlin, 1848) ; C. von Ditmar, Reisen and Aufenthalt in Kamchatka in den Jahren 1851-1855 (1890—1900) ; G. Kennan, See also:

TENT

Tent See also:

LIFE

Life in Siberia (1870), and See also:

paper in Jour. of See also:

AMERICAN

American Geog. See also:

Soc.

(1876) ; K. Diener, in See also:

PETERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1822–1878)

Petermann's Mitteilungen (1891, vol. See also:

XXXVII

xxxvii.); V. A. Obruchev, in Izvestia of the East Siberian See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society (See also:

XXIII

xxiii. 4, 5; 1892) ; F. H. H. Guillemard, Cruise of the" Marchesa" (2nd ed., See also:

LONDON

London, 1889) ; and G. E. H. See also:

Barrett-See also:

Hamilton in See also:

Scott. Geog.

Mag. (May, 1899), with bibliography. (P. A. K.; J. T.

End of Article: KAMCHATKA

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