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Peninsula, the southernmost limit of their range being Tigilsk. They are akin to the Chukchis, whom they closely resemble in physique and in manner of See also:

LIFE

life. Thus they are divided into the settled fishing tribes and the See also:

NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad See also:

REINDEER

reindeer breeders and hunters. The former are described as being more morally and physically degraded even than the Chukchis, and hopelessly poor. The Koryaks of the interior, on the other See also:

hand, still own enormous reindeer herds, to which they are so attached that they refuse to See also:

PART

part with an See also:

animal to a stranger at any See also:

price. They are in disposition brave, intelligent and self-reliant, and recognize no See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master. They have ever tenaciously resisted See also:

RUSSIAN

Russian aggression, and in their fights with the See also:

COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks have proved themselves recklessly brave. When outnumbered they would kill their See also:

WOMEN

women and See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, set See also:

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire to their homes, and See also:

die fighting. Families usually gather in See also:

groups of sixes or sevens, forming See also:

MINIATURE

miniature states, in which the nominal See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief has no predominating authority, but all are equal. The Koryaks are polygamous, earning their wives by working for their fathers-in-See also:

law. The women and children are treated well, and Koryak See also:

COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy and hospitality are proverbial. The chief See also:

WEDDING

wedding ceremony is a forcible See also:

ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away)

abduction of the See also:

BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride.

They kill the aged and infirm, in the belief that thus to See also:

SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save them from protracted sufferings is the highest See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of See also:

AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection. The victims choose their mode of See also:

DEATH

death, and See also:

young Koryaks practise the See also:

art of giving the fatal See also:

BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow quickly and mercifully. See also:

INFANTICIDE

Infanticide was formerly See also:

COMMON

common, and one of twins was always sacrificed. They See also:

BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn their dead. The prevailing See also:

religion is See also:

SHAMANISM

Shamanism; sacrifices are made to evil See also:

SPIRITS

spirits, the heads of the victims being placed on stones facing See also:

east. See G. Kennan, See also:

TENT

Tent Life in Siberia (1871); "Ober die Koriaken u. ihnen See also:

NAHE

nahe verwandten Tchouktchen," in Bul. Acad. Sc. St. See also:

PETERSBURG

Petersburg, xii. 99.was sent abroad at the expense of the See also:

state to See also:

COMPLETE

complete his military See also:

EDUCATION

education.

In See also:

Germany, See also:

Italy and See also:

France he studied diligently, completing his course at See also:

BREST

Brest, where he learnt fortification and See also:

NAVAL

naval See also:

TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, returning to See also:

Poland in 1 774 with the See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of See also:

ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery. While engaged in teaching the daughters of the See also:

GRAND

Grand See also:

HETMAN

Hetman, Sosnowski of Sosnowica, See also:

DRAWING

drawing and See also:

MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, he See also:

fell in love with the youngest of them, Ludwika, and not venturing to See also:

hope for the consent of her See also:

FATHER

father, the lovers resolved to See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly and he married privately. Before they could accomplish their See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, however, the wooer was attacked by Sosnowski's retainers, but defended himself valiantly till, covered with wounds, he was ejected from the See also:

house. This was in 1776. Equally unfortunate was See also:

KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ BONAWENTURA (1746-1817)

Kosciuszko's wooing of Tekla Zurowska in 1791, the father of the See also:

LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady in this See also:

case also refusing his consent. In the See also:

INTERVAL

interval between these amorous episodes Kosciuszko won his spurs in the New See also:

WORLD

World. In 1776 he entered the See also:

army of the See also:

UNITED

United States as a volunteer, and brilliantly distinguished himself, especially during the operations about New See also:

York and at See also:

YORKTOWN

Yorktown. See also:

Washington promoted Kosciuszko to the rank of a See also:

COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of artillery and made him his See also:

ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant. His humanity and See also:

CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of manner made him moreover one the most popular of the See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

OFFICERS

officers. In 1783 Kosciuszko was rewarded for his services and his devotion to the cause of American See also:

independence with the thanks of See also:

CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, the See also:

PRIVILEGE

privilege of American citizenship, a considerable See also:

ANNUAL

annual See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension with landed estates, and the rank of brigadier-See also:

general, which he retained in the See also:

POLISH

Polish service. In the See also:

war following upon the See also:

PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the constitution of the 3rd of May 1791 and the formation of the reactionary See also:

Con-federation of Targowica (see POLAND: See also:

HISTORY

History), Kosciuszko took a leading part. As the See also:

COMMANDER

commander of a See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division under See also:

Prince See also:

Joseph See also:

Poniatowski he distinguished himself at the See also:

BATTLE

battle of Zielence in 1992, and at Dubienka (See also:

JULY

July 18) with 4000 men and 10 guns defended the See also:

LINE

line of the See also:

Bug for five days against the Russians with 18,000 men and 6o guns, subsequently retiring upon See also:

Warsaw unmolested.

When the See also:

king acceded to the Targowicians, Kosciuszko with many other Polish generals threw up his See also:

COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission and retired to See also:

LEIPZIG

Leipzig, which speedily became the centre of the Polish See also:

EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration. In See also:

JANUARY

January 1793, provided with letters of introduction from the See also:

French See also:

AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent Perandier, Kosciuszko went on a See also:

POLITICAL

political See also:

MISSION

mission to See also:

Paris to induce the revolutionary See also:

government to espouse the cause of Poland. In return for assistance he promised to make the future government of Poland as See also:

close a copy of the French government as possible; but the See also:

JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins, already See also:

INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent on detaching See also:

Prussia from the See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-French See also:

COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition, had no serious intention of fighting Poland's battles. The fact that Kosciuszko's visit synchronized with the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of See also:

Louis XVI. subsequently gave the enemies of Poland a plausible pretext for accusing hex of Jacobinism, and thus prejudicing See also:

EUROPE

Europe against her. On his return to Leipzig Kosciuszko was invited by the Polish insurgents to take the command of the See also:

NATIONAL

national armies, with dictatorial See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power. He hesitated at first, well aware that a rising in the circumstances was premature. " I will have nothing to do with Cossack raiding," he replied; " if war we have, it must be a See also:

REGULAR

regular war." He also insisted that the war must be conducted on the See also:

MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the American War of Independence, and settled down in the neighbourhood of See also:

CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow to await events. -When, however, he heard that the insurrection had already broken out, and that the Russian armies were concentrating to crush it, Kosciuszko hesitated no longer, but hastened to Cracow, which he reached on the 23rd of See also:

March 1794. On the following See also:

day his arms were consecrated according to See also:

ancient See also:

CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom at the See also:

church of the Capucins, by way of giving the insurrection a religious See also:

SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction incompatible with Jacobin-ism. The same day, amidst a vast concourse of people in the See also:

MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, Kosciuszko took an See also:

OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of fidelity to the Polish nation; swore to wage war against the enemies of his country; but protested at the same See also:

time that he would fight only for the independence and territorial integrity of Poland. The insurrection had from Lhe first a purely popular See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character. We find none of the See also:

GREAT

great historic names of Poland in the lists of the See also:

ORIGINAL

original confederates.

End of Article: KORYAKS

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