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BREST , a fortified seaport of western See also:France, See also:capital of an See also:arrondissement in the See also:department of See also:Finistere, 155 M. W.N.W. of See also:Rennes by See also:rail. See also:Population (1906) See also:town, 71,163; See also:commune, 85,294. It is situated to the See also:north of a magnificent See also:land-locked See also:bay, and occupies the slopes of two hills divided by the See also:river Penfeld,—the See also:part of the town on the See also:left See also:bank being regarded as Brest proper, while the part on the right is known as Recouvrance. There are also extensive suburbs to the See also:east of the town. The See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill-sides are in some places so steep that the ascent from the See also:lower to the upper town has to be effected by flights of steps and the second or third See also:storey of one See also:house is often on a level with the ground storey of the next. The See also:chief See also:street of Brest bears the name of See also:rue de See also:Siam, in See also:honour of the Siamese See also:embassy sent to See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV., and terminates at the remarkable See also:swing-See also:bridge, constructed in 1861, which crosses the mouth of the Penfeld. See also:Running along the See also:shore to the See also:south of the town is the Cours d'Ajot, one of the finest promenades of its See also:kind in France, named after the engineer who constructed it. It is planted with trees and adorned with See also:marble statues of See also:Neptune and Abundance by See also:Antoine See also:Coysevox. The See also:castle with its See also:donjon and seven towers (12th to the 16th centuries), commanding the entrance to the river, is the only interesting See also:building in the town. Brest is the capital of one of the five See also:naval arrondissements of France. The naval See also:port, which is in See also:great part excavated in the See also:rock, extends along both See also:banks of the Penfeld; it comprises See also:gun-foundries and workshops, magazines, See also:ship-building yards and repairing docks, and employs about 7000 workmen.
There are also large naval See also:barracks, training See also:ships and naval See also:schools of various kinds, and an important naval See also:hospital. Brest is the seat of a sub-See also:prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a chamber of commerce, a See also:board of See also:trade-arbitrators, two naval tribunals, and a tribunal of maritime commerce. There are also lycees for boys and girls and a school of commerce and See also:industry. The commercial port, which is separated from the town itself by the Cours d'Ajot, comprises a tidal port with docks and an See also:outer See also:harbour; it is protected by jetties to the east and See also:west and by a See also:breakwater on the south. In 1905 the number of vessels entered was 202 with a See also:tonnage of 67,755, and cleared r6o with a tonnage of 61,012. The See also:total value of the imports in 1905 was £244,000. The chief were See also:wine, See also:coal, See also:timber, See also:mineral See also:tar, fertilizers and lobsters and See also:crayfish. Exports, of which the chief were See also:wheat-See also:flour, See also:fruit and superphosphates, were valued at £40,000. Besides its sardine and See also:mackerel fishing industry, the town has flour-See also:mills, breweries, foundries, forges, See also:engineering See also:works, and manufactures of blocks, candles, chemicals (from See also:sea-See also:weed), boots, shoes and See also:linen. Brest communicates by submarine See also:cable with See also:America and See also:French West See also:Africa. The roadstead consists of a deep indentation with a maximum length of 14 M. and an See also:average width of 4 m., the mouth being barred by the See also:peninsula of Quelern, leaving a passage from r to 2 M. broad, known as the Goulet. The outline of the bay is broken by numerous smaller bays or arms, formed by the embouchures of streams, the most important being the Anse de Quelern, the Anse de Poulmie, and the mouths of the Chateaulin and the Landerneau.
Brest is a fortress of the first class. The fortifications of the town and the harbour fall into four See also:groups: (r) the very numerous See also:fork and batteries guarding the approaches to and the channel of the Goulet; (2) the batteries and forts directed upon the roads; (3) a See also:group of works preventing See also:access to the peninsula of Quelern and commanding the ground to the south of the peninsula from which many of the works of group (2) could be taken in See also:reverse; (4) the defences of Brest itself, consisting of an old-fashionedenceinte possessing little military value and a See also:chain of detached forts to the west of the town.
Nothing definite is known of Brest till about 1240, when it was ceded by a See also:count of See also:Leon to See also:John I., See also:duke of See also:Brittany. In 1342 John of See also:Montfort gave it up to the See also:English, and it did not finally leave their hands till r397. Its See also:medieval importance was great enough to give rise to the saying, " He is not duke of Brittany who is not See also:lord of Brest." By the See also:marriage of See also:Francis I. with See also:Claude, daughter of See also:Anne of Brittany, Brest with the See also:rest of the duchy definitely passed to the French See also:crown. The advantages of the situation for a seaport town were first recognized by See also:Richelieu, who in 1631 constructed a harbour with wooden wharves, which soon became a station of the French See also:navy. See also:Colbert changed the wooden wharves for See also:masonry and otherwise improved the See also:post, and See also:Vauban's fortifications followed in 1680-1688. During the 18th See also:century the fortifications and the naval importance of the town continued to develop. In 1694 an English See also:squadron under John, 3rd Lord See also:Berkeley, was miserably defeated in attempting a landing; but in 1794, during the revolutionary See also:war, the French See also:fleet, under Villaret de Joyeuse, was as thoroughly beaten in the same See also:place by the English See also:admiral See also:Howe.
BREST-LITOVSK (See also:Polish Brzesc-Litevski; and in the Chron. Berestie and Berestov) , a strongly fortified town of See also:Russia, in the See also:government of See also:Grodno, 137 M. by rail S. from the See also:city of Grodno, in 52° 5' N. See also:lat. and 23° 39' E. See also:long., at the junction of the navigable river Mukhovets with the See also:Bug, and at the intersection of See also:railways from See also:Warsaw, See also:Kiev, See also:Moscow and East See also:Prussia. Pop.
(1867) 22,493; (1901) 42,812, of whom more than one-See also:half were See also:Jews. It contains a Jewish See also:synagogue, which was regarded in the 16th century as the first in See also:Europe, and is the seat of an Armenian and of a See also:Greek See also:Catholic See also:bishop; the former has authority over the Armenians throughout the whole See also:country. The town carries on an extensive trade in See also:grain, See also:flax, See also:hemp, See also:wood, tar and See also:leather. First mentioned in the beginning of the 11th century, Brest-Litovsk was in 1241 laid See also:waste by the See also:Mongols and was not rebuilt till 1275; its suburbs were burned by the See also:Teutonic Knights in 1379; and in the end of the 15th century the whole town met a similar See also:fate at the hands of the See also:khan of the See also:Crimea. In the reign of the Polish See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king See also:Sigismund III. diets were held there; and in 1594 and 1596 it was the See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting-place of two remarkable See also:councils of the bishops of western Russia. In 1657, and again in 17o6, the town was captured by the Swedes; in 1794 it was the See also:scene of See also:Suvarov's victory over the Polish See also:general Sierakowski; in 1795 it was added to the See also:Russian See also:empire. The Brest-Litovsk or King's See also:canal (50 M. long), utilizing the Mukhovets-Bug See also:rivers, forms a See also:link in the waterways that connect the See also:Dnieper with the See also:Vistula.
End of Article: BREST
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