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See also:BRETEUIL, See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
LOUIS See also:CHARLES AUGUSTE LE TONNELIER, See also:BARON DE (1730-1807) , See also:French diplomatist, was See also:born at the See also:chateau of Azay-le-Feron (See also:Indre) on the 7th of See also:March 1730. He was only twenty-eight when he was appointed by Louis XV. See also:ambassador to the elector of See also:Cologne, and two years later he was sent to St See also:Petersburg. He arranged to be temporarily absent from his See also:post at the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:palace revolution by which See also:Catherine II. was placed on the See also:throne. In 1769 he was sent to See also:Stockholm, and subsequently represented his See also:government at See also:Vienna, See also:Naples, and again at Vienna until 1783, when he was recalled to become See also:minister of the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king's See also:household. In this capacity he introduced considerable reforms in See also:prison See also:administration. A See also:close friend of See also:Marie Antoinette, he presently came into collision with See also:Calonne, who demanded his dismissal in 1787. His See also:influence with the king and See also:queen, especially with the latter, remained unshaken, and on See also:Necker's dismissal on the 1th of See also:July 1789, Breteuil succeeded him as See also:chief minister. The fall of the See also:Bastille three days later put an end to the new See also:ministry, and Breteuil made his way to See also:Switzerland with the first party of emigres. At See also:Soleure, in See also:November 1790, he received from Louis XVI. exclusive See also:powers to negotiate with the See also:European courts, and in his efforts to check the See also:ill-advised See also:diplomacy of the emigre princes, he soon brought himself into opposition with his old See also:rival Calonne, who held a chief See also:place in their See also:councils.
After the failure of the See also:flight to Varennes, in the arrangement of which he had a See also:share, Breteuil received instructions from Louis XVI., designed to restore amicable relations with the princes. His distrust of the king's See also:brothers and his See also:defence of Louis XVI.'s See also:prerogative were to some extent justified, but his intransigeant attitude towards these princes emphasized the dissensions of the royal See also:family in the eyes of See also:foreign sovereigns, who looked on the See also:comte de See also:Provence as the natural representative of his See also:brother and found a pretext for non-interference on Louis's behalf in the contradictory statements of the negotiators. Breteuil himself was the See also:object of violent attacks from the party of the princes, who asserted that he persisted in exercising powers which had been revoked by Louis XVI.
After the See also:execution of Marie Antoinette he retired into private See also:life near See also:Hamburg, only returning to See also:France in 1802. He died in See also:Paris
on the 2nd of November 1807.
See the See also:memoirs of See also:Bertrand de Molleville (2 vols., Paris, 1816) and of the See also:marquis de See also:Bouille (2 vols., Paris, 1884) ; and E. See also:Daudet, Coblentz, 1789-1793 (1889), forming See also:part of his Hist. de l'See also:emigration.
BR$TIGNY, a French See also:town (dept. See also:Eure-et-Loir, See also:arrondissement and See also:canton of See also:Chartres, See also:commune of Sours), which gave its name to a celebrated treaty concluded there on the 8th of May 136o, between See also:Edward III. of See also:England and See also:John II., surnamed the See also:Good, of France. The exactions of the See also:English, who wished to yield as few as possible of the advantages claimed by them in the treaty of See also:London, made negotiations difficult, and the discussion of terms begun See also:early in See also:April lasted more than a See also:month. By virtue of this treaty Edward III. obtained, besides See also:Guienne and See also:Gascony, See also:Poitou, See also:Saintonge and Aunis, See also:Agenais, See also:Perigord, See also:Limousin, See also:Quercy, Bigorre, the countship of Gaure, See also:Angoumois, See also:Rouergue, See also:Montreuil-sur-mer, Ponthieu, See also:Calais, Sangatte, See also:Ham and the countship of See also:Guines. John II. had, moreover, to pay three millions of See also:gold crowns for his See also:ransom. On his See also:side the king of England gave up the duchies of See also:Normandy and See also:Touraine, the countships of See also:Anjou and See also:Maine, and the See also:suzerainty of See also:Brittany and of See also:Flanders. As a See also:guarantee for the See also:payment of his ransom, John the Good gave as hostages two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen See also:principal towns of France. This treaty was ratified and sworn to by the two See also:kings and by their eldest sons on the 24th of See also:October 136o, at Calais.
At the same time were signed the See also:special conditions See also:relating to each important See also:article of the treaty, and the renunciatory clauses in which the kings abandoned their rights over the
territory they had yielded to one another.
See See also:Rymer's Foedera, vol. iii.; See also:Dumont, See also:Corps diplomatique, vol. ii.; See also:Froissart, ed. Luce, vol. vi.; See also:Les Grandes Chroniques de France, ed. P. Paris, vol. vi. ; E. Cosneau, Les Grands Traites de la guerre de cent ans (1889).
End of Article: BRETEUIL, LOUIS CHARLES AUGUSTE LE TONNELIER, BARON DE (1730-1807)
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