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CHARTRES , a See also:city of See also:north-western See also:France, See also:capital of the See also:department of See also:Eure-et-Loir, 55 M. S.W. of See also:Paris on the See also:rail-way to Le Mans. Pop. (1906) 19,433. Chartres is built on the See also:left See also:bank of the Eure, on a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill crowned by its famous See also:cathedral, the See also:spires of which are a landmark in the surrounding See also:country. To the See also:south-See also:east stretches the fruitful See also:plain of See also:Beauce, " the granary of France," of which the See also:town is the commercial centre. The Eure, which at this point divides into three branches, is crossed by several See also:bridges, some of them See also:ancient, and is fringed in places by remains of the old fortifications, of which the See also:Porte See also:Guillaume (14th See also:century), a gateway flanked by towers, is the most See also:complete specimen. The steep, narrow streets of the old town contrast with the wide, shady boulevards which encircle it and See also:divide it from the suburbs. The Clos St See also:Jean, a pleasant See also:park, lies to the north-See also:west, and squares and open spaces are numerous. The cathedral of Notre-See also:Dame (see See also:ARCHITECTURE: Romanesque and See also:Gothic Architecture in France; and CATHEDRAL), one of the finest Gothic churches in France, was founded in the 11th century by See also:Bishop Fulbert on the site of an earlier See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church destroyed by See also:fire. In 1194 another conflagration laid wastethe new See also:building then hardly completed; but See also:clergy and See also:people set zealously to See also:work, and the See also:main See also:part of the See also:present structure was finished by 1240. Though there have been numerous See also:minor additions and alterations since that See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, the See also:general See also:character of the cathedral is unimpaired. The upper woodwork was consumed by fire in 1836, but the See also:rest of the building was saved. The statuary of the lateral portals, the stained See also:glass of the 13th century, and the See also:choir-See also:screen of the See also:Renaissance are all unique from the See also:artistic standpoint. The cathedral is also renowned for the beauty and perfect proportions of its western towers. That to the south, the Clocher Vieux (351 ft. high), See also:dates from the 1 2th century; its upper portion is See also:lower and less See also:rich in See also:design than that of the Clocher Neuf (377 ft.), which was not completed till the 16th century. In length the cathedral See also:measures 440 ft., its choir measures 150 ft. across, and the height of the vaulting is 121 ft. The See also:abbey church of St See also:Pierre, dating chiefly from the 13th century, contains, besides some See also:fine stained glass, twelve representations of the apostles in See also:enamel, executed about 1547 by Leonard Limosin. Of the other churches of Chartres the See also:chief are St Aignan (13th, 16th and 17th centuries) and St See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin-au-Val (12th century). The hotel de ville, a building of the 17th century, containing a museum and library, an older hotel de ville of the 13th century, and several See also:medieval and Renaissance houses, are of See also:interest. There is a statue of General F. S. Marceau-Desgraviers (b. 1769), a native of the town.
The town is the seat of a bishop, a prefecture, a See also:court of assizes, and has tribunals of first instance and of See also:commerce, a chamber of commerce, training colleges, a lycee for boys, a communal See also:college for girls, and a See also:branch of the Bank of France. Its See also:trade is carried on chiefly on See also:market-days, when the peasants of the Beauce bring their crops and live-stock to be sold and make their purchases. The See also:game-pies and other delicacies of Chartres are well known, and the See also:industries also include See also:flour-milling, See also:brewing, distilling, See also:iron-See also:founding, See also:leather manufacture, See also:dyeing, and the manufacture of stained glass, billiard requisites, See also:hosiery, &c.
Chartres was one of the See also:principal towns of the See also:Carnutes, and by the See also:Romans was called Autricum, from the See also:river Autura (Eure), and afterwards civitas Carnutum. It was burnt by the See also:Normans in 858, and unsuccessfully besieged by them in 911. In 1417 it See also:fell into the hands of the See also:English, from whom it was recovered in 1432. It was attacked unsuccessfully by the Protestants in 1568, and was taken in 1591 by See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry IV., who was crowned there three years afterwards. In the Franco-See also:German See also:War it was seized by the Germans on the 21st of See also:October 187o, and continued during the rest of the See also:campaign an important centre of operations. During the See also:middle ages it was the chief town of the See also:district of Beauce, and gave its name to a countship which was held by the See also:counts of See also:Blois and See also:Champagne and after-wards by the See also:house of Chltillon, a member of which in 1286 sold it to the See also:crown. It was raised to the See also:rank of a duchy in 1528 by See also:Francis I. After the time of See also:- LOUIS
- LOUIS (804–876)
- LOUIS (893–911)
- LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
- LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian
Louis XIV. the See also:title of See also:duke of Chartres was hereditary in the See also:family of See also:- ORLEANS
- ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
- ORLEANS, DUKES OF
- ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
- ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
- ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
- ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
- ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
- ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
- ORLEANS, PHILIP I
- ORLEANS, PHILIP II
Orleans.
See M. T. Bulteau, Monographie de la cathedrale de Chartres (1887) ; A. Plerval, Chartres, sa cathedrale, ses monuments (1896); H. J. L. J. Masse, Chartres: its Cathedral and Churches (1900).
End of Article: CHARTRES
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