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CHARTISM , the name given to a See also:movement for See also:political reform in See also:England, from the so-called " See also:People's See also:Charter " or " See also:National Charter," the document in which in 1838 the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme of reforms was embodied. The movement itself may be traced to the latter years of the 18th See also:century. Checked for a while by the reaction due to the excesses of the See also:French Revolution, it received a fresh impetus from the awful misery that followed the See also:Napoleonic See also:wars and the economic changes due to the introduction of machinery. The Six Acts of 1819 were directed, not only against agrarian and See also:industrial rioting, but against the political movement of which See also:Sir See also:Francis See also:Burdett was the spokesman in the See also:House of See also:Commons, which demanded See also:man-See also:hood See also:suffrage, the See also:ballot, See also:annual parliaments, the abolition of the See also:property qualification for members of See also:parliament and their See also:payment. The movement was checked for a while by the Reform See also:Bill of 1832; but it was soon discovered that, though the See also:middle classes had been enfranchised, the economic and political grievances of the labouring See also:population remained unredressed. Two See also:separate movements now See also:developed: one socialistic, associated with the name of See also:Robert See also:Owen; the other See also:radical, aiming at the enfranchisement of the'" masses " as the first step to the amelioration of their See also:condition. The latter was represented in the Working Men's Association, by which in 1838 the " People's Charter " was See also:drawn up. It embodied exactly the same See also:programme as that of the radical reformers mentioned above, with the addition of a demand for equal electoral districts.
In support of this programme a vigorous agitation began, the See also:principal See also:leader of which was Feargus O'See also:Connor, whose irresponsible and erratic See also:oratory produced a vast effect. See also:Monster meetings were held, at which seditious See also:language was occasionally used, and slight collisions with the military took See also:place. Petitions of enormous See also:size, signed in See also:great See also:part with fictitious names, were presented to parliament; and a great many See also:newspapers were started, of which the See also:Northern See also:Star, conducted by Feargus O'Connor, had a circulation of 50,000. In See also:November 1839 a Chartist See also:mob consisting of miners and others made an attack on See also:Newport, Mon. The rising was a See also:total failure; the leaders, See also:John See also:- FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
- FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)
Frost and two others, were seized, were found guilty of high See also:treason, and were condemned to See also:death. The See also:sentence, however, was changed to one of transportation, and Frost spent over fourteen years in See also:Van See also:Diemen's See also:Land. In 1854 he was pardoned, and from 1856 until his death on the 29th of See also:July 1877 he lived in England. In 1840 the Chartist movement was still further organized by the inauguration at See also:Manchester of the National
translated into See also:English (Here foloweth the copy of a lettre whyche See also:maistre A. Charetier wrote to his See also:brother) See also:lay See also:Caxton about 1484. The date of his death is to be placed about 1430. A Latin See also:epitaph, discovered in the 18th century, says, however, that he was See also:archdeacon of See also:Paris, and declares that he died in the See also:city of See also:Avignon in 1449. This is obviously not See also:authentic, for Alain described himself as a See also:simple derc and certainly died lohg before 1449. The See also:story of the famous See also:kiss bestowed by See also:Margaret of See also:Scotland on la precieuse bouche de laquelle sont issus et 'sortis tant de bons mots et vertueuses paroles is mythical, for Margaret did not come to See also:France till 1436, after the poet's death; but the story, first told by See also:Guillaume Bouchet in his Annales d' See also:Aquitaine (1524), is interesting, if only as a See also:- PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)
proof of the high degree of estimation in which the ugliest man of his See also:day was held. See also:Jean de Masses, who annotated a portion of his See also:verse, has recorded how the pages and See also:young gentlemen of that See also:epoch were required daily to learn by See also:heart passages of his Breviaire See also:des nobles. John See also:Lydgate studied him affectionately. His Belle See also:Dame sans merci was translated into English by Sir See also:Richard See also:Ros about 164o, with an introduction of his own; and See also:Clement See also:Marot and Octavien de See also:Saint-Gelais, See also:writing fifty years after his death, find many See also:fair words for the old poet, their See also:master and pre-
Charter Association, which rapidly became powerful, being the See also:head of about 400 See also:sister See also:societies, which are said to have numbered 40,000 members. Some See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time after, efforts were made towards a See also:coalition with the more moderate radicals, but these failed; and a land scheme was started by O'Connor, which prospered for a few years. In 1844 the uncompromising spirit of some of the leaders was well illustrated by their hostile attitude towards the See also:Anti - See also:Corn - See also:Law See also:League. O'Connor, especially, entered into a public controversy with See also:Cobden and See also:Bright, in which he was worsted. But it was not till 1848, during a See also:season of great suffering among the, working classes, and under the See also:influence of the revolution at Paris, that the real strength of the Chartist movement was discovered and the prevalent discontent became known. See also:Early in See also:March disturbances occurred in See also:Glasgow which required the intervention of the military, while in the manufacturing districts all over the See also:west of Scotland the operatives were ready to rise in the event of the See also:main movement succeeding. Some agitation, too, took place in See also:Edinburgh and in Manchester, but of a milder nature; in fact, while there was a real and widespread discontent, men were indisposed to resort to decided See also:measures.
The principal See also:scene of intended Chartist demonstration was See also:London. An enormous gathering of See also:half a million was announced for the loth of See also:April on See also:Kennington See also:Common, from which they were to march to the Houses of Parliament to See also:present a See also:petition signed by nearly six million names, in See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order by this imposing display of See also:numbers to secure the enactment of the six points. Probably some of the more violent members of the party thought to imitate the Parisian mob by taking See also:power entirelyinto their own See also:ham-1s. The announcement of the procession excited great alarm, and the most decided measures were taken by the authorities to prevent a rising. The procession was forbidden. The military were called out under the command of the See also:duke of See also:Wellington, and by him concealed near the See also:bridges and other points where the procession might See also:attempt to force its way. Even the See also:Bank of England and other public buildings were put in a See also:state of See also:defence, and See also:special constables, to the number, it is said, of 170,000, were enrolled, one of whom was destined shortly after to be the See also:emperor of the French. After all these gigantic preparations on both sides the Chartist demonstration proved to be a very insignificant affair. Instead of half a million, only about 5o,000 assembled on Kennington Common, and their leaders, Feargus O'Connor and Ernest See also:Charles See also:- JONES
- JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
- JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
- JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
- JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
- JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
- JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
- JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
- JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
- JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
- JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
- JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
- JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
- JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
- JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
- JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)
Jones, shrank from the responsibility of braving the authorities by conducting the procession to the Houses of Parliament. The monster petition was duly presented, and scrutinized, with the result that the number of signatures was found to have been grossly exaggerated, and that the most unheard-of falsification of names had been resorted to. There-after the movement specially called Chartism soon died out. It became merged, so far as its political programme is concerned, with the advancing radicalism of the See also:general democratic movement.
End of Article: CHARTISM
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