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See also:OWEN, See also:JOHN (1616-1683) , See also:English See also:Nonconformist divine, was See also:born at Stadham in See also:Oxfordshire in 1616, and was 'educated at See also:Queen's See also:College, See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford (B.A. 1632, M.A. 1635), noted, as See also:Fuller tells us, tor its metaphysicians. A Puritan by training and conviction, in 1637 Owen was driven from Oxford by See also:Laud's new statutes, and became See also:chaplain and See also:tutor in the See also:family of See also:Sir See also:Robert See also:Dormer and then in that of See also:Lord See also:Lovelace. At the outbreak of the See also:civil troubles he sided with the See also:parliament, and thus lost both his See also:place and the prospects of succeeding to his Welsh royalist See also:uncle's See also:fortune. For a while he lived in See also:Charter-See also:house Yard, in See also:great unsettlement of mind on religious questions, which was removed at length by a See also:sermon preached by a stranger in Aldermanbury See also:Chapel whither he had gone to hear See also:Edmund See also:Calamy. His first publication, The Display of Arminianism (1642), was a spirited See also:defence of rigid Calvinism. It was dedicated to the See also:committee of See also:religion, and gained him the living of See also:Fordham in See also:Essex, from which a " scandalous See also:minister " had been ejected. At Fordham he remained engrossed in the See also:work of his See also:parish and See also:writing only The See also:Duty of Pastors and See also:People Distinguished until 1646, when, the old See also:incumbent dying, the presentation lapsed to the See also:patron, who gave it to some one else. He was now, however, coming into See also:notice, for on the 29th of See also:April he preached before the See also:Long parliament. In this sermon, and still more in his See also:Country See also:Essay for the Practice of See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church See also:Government, which he appended to it, his tendency to break away from See also:Presbyterianism to the more tolerant See also:Independent or Congregational See also:system is plainly seen. Like See also:Milton he saw little to choose between " new See also:presbyter " and " old See also:priest," and disliked a rigid and arbitrary polity by whatever name it was called. He became pastor at Coggeshall in Essex, where a large influx of Flemish tradesmen provided a congenial Independent See also:atmosphere. His See also:adoption of Congregational principles did not effect his theological position, and in 1647 he again attacked the Arminians in The See also:Death of Death in the Death of See also:Christ, which See also:drew him into long debate with See also:Richard See also:Baxter. He made the friendship of See also:Fairfax while the latter was besieging See also:Colchester, and urgently addressed the See also:army there against religious persecution. He was chosen to preach to parliament on the See also:day after the See also:execution of See also:Charles, and succeeded in fulfilling his delicate task without directly mentioning that event. Another sermon preached on the 19th of April, a vigorous plea for sincerity of religion in high places, won not only the thanks of parliament but the friendship of See also:Cromwell, who carried him off to See also:Ireland as his chaplain, that he might regulate the affairs of Trinity College. He pleaded with the House of See also:Commons for the religious needs of Ireland as some years earlier he had pleaded for those of See also:Wales. In 165o he accompanied Cromwell on his Scottish See also:campaign, In See also:March 1652 Cromwell, as See also:chancellor of Oxford, gave him the deanery of Christ Church, and made him See also:vice-chancellor in See also:September 1652; in both offices he succeeded the Presbyterian See also:Edward See also:Reynolds.
During his eight years of See also:official Oxford See also:life Owen showed himself a See also:firm disciplinarian, and infused a new spirit of thoroughness into dons and undergraduates alike, though, as John See also:Locke testifies, the Aristotelian traditions in See also:education sufferedno See also:change. With See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip See also:Nye he unmasked the popular astrologer, See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Lilly, and in spite of his See also:share in condemning two Quakeresses to be whipped for disturbing the See also:peace, his See also:rule was not intolerant.' See also:Anglican services were conducted here and there, and at Christ Church itself the Anglican chaplain remained in the college. While little encouragement was given to a spirit of See also:free inquiry,2 it is unhistorical to say that See also:Puritanism at Oxford was simply "an See also:attempt to force education and culture into the leaden moulds of Calvinistic See also:theology." It must be remembered, too, that Owen, unlike many of his contemporaries, found his See also:chief See also:interest in the New Testament rather than the Old. During his Oxford years he wrote Justitia Divina (1653), an exposition of the See also:dogma that See also:God cannot forgive See also:sin without an See also:atonement; Communion with God (1657), which has been called a "piece of See also:wire-See also:drawn See also:mysticism"; See also:Doctrine of the See also:Saints' Perseverance (1654), his final attack on Arminianism; Vindiciae Evangelicae, a See also:treatise written by See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order of the See also:Council of See also:State against Socinianism as expounded by John Bidle; On the See also:Mortification of Sin in Believers (1656), an introspective and See also:analytic work; See also:Schism (1657), one of the most read-able of all his writings; Of Temptation (1658), an attempt to recall Puritanism to its See also:cardinal spiritual attitude from the jarring anarchy of sectarianism and the pharisaism which had
followed on popularity and threatened to destroy the See also:early simplicity.
Besides all his See also:academic and See also:literary concerns Owen was continually in the midst of affairs of state. In 1651, on See also:October 24 (after See also:Worcester), he preached the thanksgiving sermon before parliament. In 1652 he sat on a council to consider the See also:condition of Protestantism in Ireland. In October 1653 he was one of several ministers whom Cromwell summoned to a consultation as to church See also:union .3 In See also:December the degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by his university. In the parliament of 1654 he sat, but only for a See also:short See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time, as member for Oxford university, and, with Baxter, was placed on the committee for settling the " fundamentals " necessary for the See also:toleration promised in the See also:Instrument of Government. In the same See also:year he was chairman of a committee on Scottish Church affairs. He was, too, one of the See also:Triers, and appears to have behaved with kindness and moderation in that capacity. As vice-chancellor he acted with readiness and spirit when a Royalist rising in See also:Wiltshire See also:broke out in 1655; his adherence to Cromwell, however, was by no means slavish, for he drew up, at the See also:request of See also:Desborough and See also:Pride, a See also:petition against his receiving the kingship. Thus, when Richard Cromwell succeeded his See also:father as chancellor, Owen lost his vice-chancellorship. In 1658 he
took a leading See also:part in the See also:conference of See also:Independents which drew up the See also:Savoy See also:Declaration.
On the death of Cromwell Owen joined the See also:Wallingford House party, and though he denied any share in the deposition of Richard Cromwell, he threw all his See also:weight on the See also:side of a See also:simple See also:republic as against a See also:protectorate. He assisted in the restoration of the Rump parliament, and, when See also:- MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
- MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
- MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
- MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)
Monk began his march into See also:England, Owen, in the name of the Independent churches, to whom Monk was supposed to belong, and who were keenly
anxious as to his intentions, wrote to dissuade him from the enterprise.
In March 166o, the Presbyterian party being uppermost, Owen was further deprived of his deanery, which was given back to Reynolds.
He retired to Stadham, where he wrote various controversial and theological See also:works, in especial the laborious Theologoumena Pantodapa, a See also:history of the rise and progress of theology. The respect in which many of the authorities held his intellectual See also:eminence won him an See also:immunity denied to other Nonconformists. In 1661 was published the celebrated Fiat Lux, a work by the Franciscan monk John
' H. L. See also:Thompson, Christ Church (" Oxford College Histories ") pp. 70 seq.
2 Owen made a very unhappy attack on See also:Brian See also:Walton's Polyglot See also:Bible.
' Owen probably drew up the See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme for a See also:national church surrounded by bodies of tolerated dissent which was presented to parliament. See D. See also:Masson, Milton, iv. 39o, 566.
See also:Vincent See also:Cane, in which the oneness and beauty of See also:Roman Catholicism are contrasted with the confusion and multiplicity of See also:Protestant sects. At See also:Clarendon's request Owen answered this in 1662 in his Animadversions; and so great was its success that he was offered preferment if he would conform. Owen's condition for making terms was See also:liberty to all who agree in doctrine with the Church of England; nothing therefore came of the negotiation.
In 1663 he was invited by the Congregational churches in See also:Boston, New England, to become their minister, but declined. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts drove him to See also:London; and in 1666, after the See also:Fire, he, like other leading Nonconformist ministers, fitted up a See also:room for public service and gathered a See also:congregation, composed chiefly of the old See also:Commonwealth See also:officers. Meanwhile he was incessantly writing; and in 1667 he published his See also:Catechism, which led to a proposal, " more acute than See also:diplomatic," from Baxter for union. Various papers passed, and after a year the attempt was closed by the following laconical See also:note from Owen: " I am still a well-wisher to these See also:mathematics." It was now, too, that he published the first part of his vast work upon the See also:Epistle to the See also:Hebrews, together with his exposition of See also:Psalm 130 and his searching See also:book on Indwelling Sin.
In 1669 Owen wrote a spirited remonstrance to the Congregationalists in New England, who, under the See also:influence of Presbyterianism, had shown themselves persecutors. At See also:home, too, he was busy in the same cause. In 167o See also:Samuel See also:Parker's Ecclesiastical Polity attacked the Nonconformists in a See also:style of clumsy intolerance. Owen answered him (Truth and Innocence Vindicated); Parker replied with personalities as to Owen's connexion with Wallingford House. Then See also:Andrew Marvell with banter and See also:satire finally disposed of Parker in The See also:- REHEARSAL (from " rehearse," to say over again, repeat, recount, O.Fr. rehercer, from re, again, and hercer, to harrow, cf. " hearse," the original meaning being to rake or go over the same ground again as with a harrow)
Rehearsal Transposed. Owen himself produced a See also:tract On the Trinity (1669), and See also:Christian Love and Peace (1672).
At the revival of the Conventicle Acts in 1670, Owen was appointed to draw up a See also:paper of reasons which was submitted to the House of Lords in protest. In this or the following year Harvard College invited him to become its See also:president; he received similar invitations from some of the Dutch See also:universities.
When Charles issued his Declaration of See also:Indulgence in 1672, Owen drew up an address of thanks. This indulgence gave the dissenters an opportunity for increasing their churches and services, and Owen was one of the first preachers at the weekly lectures which the Independents and Presbyterians jointly held at Princes' See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall in Broad See also:Street. He was held in high respect by a large number of the See also:nobility (one of the many things which point to the fact that See also:Congregationalism was by no means the creed of the poor and insignificant), and during 1674 both Charles and See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James held prolonged conversations with him in which they assured him of their See also:good wishes to the dissenters. Charles gave him s000 guineas to relieve those upon whom the severe See also:laws had chiefly pressed, and he was even able to procure the See also:release of John See also:Bunyan, whose See also:preaching he ardently admired. In 1674 Owen was attacked by William See also:Sherlock, See also:dean of St See also:Paul's, whom he easily vanquished, and from this time until 168o he was engaged upon his See also:ministry and the writing of religious works. The chief of these were On See also:Apostasy (1676), a sad See also:account of religion under the Restoration; On the See also:Holy Spirit (1677–1678) and The Doctrine of See also:Justification (1677). In 168o, however, See also:Stillingfleet having on May it preached his sermon on " The See also:Mischief of Separation," Owen defended the Nonconformists from the See also:charge of schism in his Brief Vindication. Baxter and See also:Howe also answered Stillingfleet, who replied in The Unreasonableness of Separation. Owen again answered this, and then See also:left the controversy to a swarm of eager combatants. From this time to his death he was occupied with continual writing, disturbed only by suffering from See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone and See also:asthma, and by an absurd charge of being concerned in the See also:Rye House See also:Plot. His most important work was his Treatise on Evangelical Churches, in which were contained his latest views regarding church government. He died at See also:Ealing on the 24thof See also:August 1683, just twenty-one years after he had gone out with so many others on St See also:Bartholomew's day in 1662, and was buried on the 4th of September in Bunhill See also:Fields.
For engraved portraits of Owen see first edition of S. See also:Palmer's Nonconformists' Memorial and See also:Vertue's Sermons and Tracts (1721). The chief authorities for the life are Owen's Works; W. See also:Orme's See also:Memoirs of Owen; A. See also:Wood's Athenae Oxonienses; R. Baxter's Life; D. See also:Neal's History of the Puritans; T. See also:- EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
- EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
- EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
- EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
- EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
- EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
- EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
- EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
- EDWARDS, T
- EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)
Edwards's Gangraena; and the various histories of the Independents. See also The See also:Golden Book of John Owen, a collection of extracts prefaced by a study of his life and See also:age, by James Moffatt (London, 1904).
End of Article: OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
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