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See also:PARKER, See also:THEODORE (1810-186o) , See also:American preacher and social reformer, was See also:born at See also:Lexington, See also:Massachusetts, on the 24th of See also:August 181o, the youngest of eleven See also:children. His See also:father, See also:John Parker, a small See also:farmer and skilful mechanic, was a typical New See also:England See also:yeoman. His See also:mother took See also:great pains with the religious See also:education of her children, " caring, however, but little for doctrines," and making See also:religion to consist of love and See also:good See also:works. His paternal See also:grand-father, See also:Captain John Parker (1729-1775), was the See also:leader of the Lexington See also:minute-men in the skirmish at Lexington. Theodore obtained the elements of knowledge in the See also:schools of the See also:district, which were open during the See also:winter months only. During the See also:rest of the See also:year he worked on his father's See also:farm. At the See also:age of seventeen he became himself a winter schoolmaster, and in his twentieth year he entered himself at Harvard, working on the farm as usual (until 1831) while he followed his studies and going over to See also:Cambridge for the See also:examinations only. For the theological course he took up in 1834 his
See also:residence in the See also:college, See also:- MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)
meeting his expenses by a small sum amassed by school-keeping and by help from a poor students' fund, and graduating in 1836.. At the See also:close of his college career he began his See also:translation (published in 1843) of Wilhelm M. L. De Wette's Beitrage zur Einleitung in das Alte Testament. His See also:journal and letters show that he had made acquaintance with a large number of See also:languages, including See also:Hebrew, See also:Chaldee, See also:Syriac, Arabic, Coptic, Ethiopic, as well as the classical and the See also:principal See also:modern See also:European languages. When he entered the divinity school he was an orthodox Unitarian; when he See also:left it, he entertained strong doubts about the See also:infallibility of the See also:Bible, the possibility of miracles, and the exclusive claims of See also:Christianity and the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church. See also:Emerson's See also:transcendentalism greatly influenced him, and See also:Strauss's Leben Jesu left its See also:mark upon his thought. His first ministerial See also:charge was over a small See also:village See also:parish, See also:West See also:Roxbury, a few'See also:miles from See also:Boston; here he was ordained as a Unitarian clergyman in See also:June 1837 and here he preached until See also:January 1846. His views were slowly assuming the See also:form which subsequently found such strong expression in his See also:writing; but the progress was slow, and the cautious reserve of his first rationalistic utterances was in striking contrast with his subsequent rashness. But on the 19th of May 1841 he preached at Boston a See also:sermon on " the transient and permanent in Christianity," which presented in embryo the See also:main principles and ideas of his final theological position, and the See also:preaching of which deter-See also:mined his subsequent relations to the churches with which he was connected and to the whole ecclesiastical See also:world. The Boston Unitarian See also:clergy denounced the preacher, and declared that the " See also:young See also:man must be silenced." No Unitarian publisher could be found for his sermon, and nearly all the pulpits of the See also:city were closed against him. A number of gentlemen in Boston, however, invited him to give a See also:series of lectures there. The result was that he delivered in the Masonic See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
Hall, in the winter of 1841-1842, as lectures, substantially the See also:volume afterwards published as the Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion. The lectures in their published form made his name famous throughout See also:America and See also:Europe, and See also:con-firmed the stricter Unitarians in America in their attitude towards him and his supporters. His See also:friends, however, resolved that he should be heard in Boston, and there, beginning with 1845, he preached regularly for fourteen years. Previous to his removal from West Roxbury to Boston Parker spent a year in Europe, calling in See also:Germany upon See also:Paulus, See also:Gervinus, De Wette and See also:Ewald, and preaching in See also:Liverpool in the pulpits of See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James See also:Martineau and J. H. Thom. After January 1846 he devoted himself exclusively to his See also:work in Boston. In addition to his See also:Sunday labours he lectured throughout the States, and prosecuted his wide studies, See also:collecting particularly the materials for an See also:opus magnum on the development of religion in mankind. Above all he took up the question of the emancipation of the slaves, and fearlessly advocated in Boston and else-where, from the See also:platform and through the See also:press, the cause of the negroes. He made his See also:influence See also:felt also by See also:correspondence with See also:political leaders and by able political speeches, one of which, delivered in 1858, contained the See also:sentence, " See also:Democracy is See also:direct self-See also:government, over all the See also:people, by all the people, for all the people," which probably suggested See also:Abraham See also:Lincoln's oft-quoted variant. Parker assisted actively in the See also:- ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli
escape of fugitive slaves, and for trying to prevent the rendition of perhaps the most famous of them, See also:Anthony See also:Burns, was indicted, but the See also:indictment was quashed. He also gave his aid to John See also:- BROWN
- BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
- BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
- BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
- BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
- BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
- BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
- BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
- BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
- BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
- BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
- BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
- BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
- BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
- BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
- BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
- BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
- BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
- BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
- BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
- BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
- BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
- BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)
Brown (q.v.). By his See also:voice, his See also:pen, and his utterly fearless See also:action in social and political matters he became a great See also:power in Boston and America generally. But his days were numbered. His mother had suffered from See also:phthisis; and he himself now See also:fell a victim to the same disease. In January 1859 he suffered a violent See also:haemorrhage of the lungs, and sought See also:relief by retreating first to the West Indies and afterwards to Europe. He died at See also:Florence on the loth of May 186o.
The fundamental articles of Parker's religious faith were the three " instinctive intuitions " of See also:God, of a moral See also:law, andof See also:immortality. His own mind, See also:heart and See also:life were undoubtedly pervaded, sustained and ruled by the feelings, convictions and hopes which he formulated in these three articles; and he rationalized his own religious conceptions in a number of expositions which do See also:credit to his sincerity and courage. But he was a preacher rather than a thinker, a reformer rather than a philosopher.
Parker's principal works are: A Discourse of Matters pertaining to Religion (1842) ; Ten Sermons of Religion (1853) ; and Sermons of See also:Theism, See also:Atheism and the Popular See also:Theology (1853). A collected edition of his works was published in England by Frances Power Cobbe (14 vols., 1863–1870), and another—the See also:Centenary edition —in Boston, See also:Mass., by the American Unitarian Association (14 vols., 1907–1911) ; a volume of Theodore Parker's Prayers, edited by See also:Rufus See also:Leighton and See also:Matilda Goddard, was published in America in 1861, and a volume of Parker's West Roxbury Sermons, with a See also:biographical See also:sketch by See also:Frank B. Sanborn, was published in Boston, Mass., in 1892. A See also:German translation of See also:part of his works was made by Ziethen (See also:Leipzig 1854–1857).
The best See also:biographies are John See also:Weiss's Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker (New See also:York, 1864) ; O. B. See also:Frothingham's Theodore Parker: a See also:Biography (Boston, 1874) ; and John See also:- WHITE
- WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
- WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
- WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
- WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
- WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
- WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
- WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
- WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
- WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
- WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
- WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
- WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)
White See also:Chadwick's Theodore Parker, Preacher and Reformer (Boston, 1900), the last containing a good bibliography. Valuable reviews of Parker's theological position and of his See also:character and work have appeared —by James Martineau, in the See also:National See also:Review (See also:April x86o), and J. H. Thom, in the Theological Review (See also:March 1864).
End of Article: PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)
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