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con-firmed. In 1821 she began to write anonymously for the Monthly Repository, a Unitarian periodical, and in 1823 she published Devotional Exercises and Addresses, Prayers and See also:

HYMNS

Hymns. In 1826 her father died, leaving a See also:

BARE

bare See also:

MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance to his wife and daughters. His See also:

DEATH

death had been preceded by that of his eldest son, and was shortly followed by that of a See also:

man to whom Harriet was engaged. Mrs Martineau and her daughters soon after lost all their means by the failure of the See also:

house where their See also:

MONEY

money was placed. Harriet had to See also:

EARN

earn her living, and, being precluded by deafness from teaching, took up authorship in See also:

EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest.

Besides reviewing for the Repository she wrote stories (afterwards collected as Traditions of See also:

PALESTINE

Palestine), gained in one year (183o) three See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay-prizes of the Unitarian Association, and eked out her income by See also:

NEEDLEWORK

needlework. In 1831 she was seeking a publisher for a See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of tales designed as Illustrations of See also:

POLITICAL

Political See also:

ECONOMY

Economy. After many failures she accepted disadvantageous terms from See also:

Charles See also:

Fox, to whom she was introduced by his See also:

BROTHER

brother, the editor of the Repository. The See also:

sale of the first of the series was immediate and enormous, the demand increased with each new number, and from that See also:

time her See also:

LITERARY

literary success was secured. In 1832 she moved to See also:

LONDON

London, where she numbered among her acquaintance See also:

Hallam, See also:

MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791–1868)

Milman, See also:

MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT (1766-1834)

Malthus, Monckton Milnes, See also:

SYDNEY

Sydney See also:

Smith, Bulwer, and later See also:

Carlyle. . Till 1834 she continued to be occupied with her political economy series and with a supplemental series of Illustrations of See also:

Taxation. Four stories dealing with the poor-See also:

law came out about the same time. These tales, See also:

DIRECT

direct, lucid, written without any See also:

APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of effort, and yet practically effective, display the characteristics of their author's See also:

style. In 1834, when the series was See also:

COMPLETE

complete, See also:

MISS

Miss Martineau paid a See also:

long visit to See also:

AMERICA

America. Here her open See also:

ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to the Abolitionist party, then small and very unpopular, gave See also:

GREAT

great offence, which was deepened by the publication, soon after her return, of Society in America (1837) and a Retrospect of Western Travel (1838). An See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the See also:

Westminster See also:

REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, " The See also:

MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr Age of the See also:

UNITED

United States," introduced English readers to the struggles of the Abolitionists. The See also:

AMERICAN

American books were followed by a novel, Deerbrook (1839) —a See also:

story of See also:

MIDDLE

middle-class See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country life.

To the same See also:

period belong a few little handbooks, forming parts of a See also:

GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to Service. The veracity of her Maid of All See also:

WORK

Work led to a wide-spread belief, which she regarded with some complacency, that she had once been a maid of all work herself. In 1839, during a visit to the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent, Miss Martineau's health See also:

broke down. She retired to solitary lodgings in See also:

TYNE

Tyne- mouth, and remained an invalid till 1844. Besides a novel, The See also:

HOUR

Hour and the Man (1840), Life in the Sickroom (1844), and the Playfellow (1841), she published a series of tales for See also:

CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children containing some of her most popular work: Settlers at Home, The See also:

PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

Peasant and the See also:

Prince, Feats on the Fiord, &c. During this illness she for a second time declined a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension on the See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

list, fearing to See also:

COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise her political See also:

independence. Her See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter on the subject was published, and some of her See also:

friends raised a small See also:

ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity for her soon after. In 1844 Miss Martineau underwent a course of mesmerism, and in a few months was restored to health. She eventually published an See also:

account of her See also:

case, which had caused much discussion, in sixteen Letters on Mesmerism. On her recovery she removed to See also:

AMBLESIDE

Ambleside, where she built herself " The Knoll," the house in which the greater See also:

PART

part of her after life was spent. In 1845 she published three volumes of See also:

FOREST

Forest and See also:

GAME

Game Law Tales. In 1846 she made a tour with some friends in See also:

EGYPT

Egypt, Palestine and See also:

SYRIA

Syria, and on her return published Eastern Life, See also:

PRESENT

Present and Past (1848).

This work showed that as humanity passed through one after another of the See also:

WORLD

world's historic religions, the conception of the Deity and of Divine See also:

government became at each step more and more abstract and indefinite. The ultimate See also:

GOAL

goal Miss Martineau believed to be philosophic See also:

ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism, but this belief she did not expressly declare. She published about this time See also:

HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

Household See also:

EDUCATION

Education, expounding the theory that freedom and rationality, rather than command and obedience, are the most effectual See also:

INSTRUMENTS

instruments of education. Her See also:

INTEREST

interest in schemes of instruction led her to start a series of lectures, addressed at first to the school children of Ambleside, but after-wards extended, at their own See also:

DESIRE

desire, to their elders. The subjects were sanitary principles and practice, the histories of See also:

England and See also:

North America, and the scenes of her Eastern travels. At the See also:

REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Charles See also:

Knight she wrote, in 1849, The See also:

HISTORY

History of the See also:

THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

Peace, 2816–z846—an excellent popular history written from the point of view of a " philosophical See also:

RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical," completed in twelve months. In 1851 Miss Martineau edited a See also:

VOLUME

volume of Letters on the See also:

LAWS

Laws of Man's Nature and Development. Its See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form is that of a See also:

correspondence between herself and H. G. See also:

Atkinson, and it expounds that See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine of philosophical atheism to which Miss Martineau in Eastern Life had depicted the course of human belief as tending. The existence of a first cause is not denied, but is declared unknowable, and the authors, while regarded by others as denying it, certainly considered themselves to be affirming the doctrine of man's moral See also:

OBLIGATION

obligation. Atkinson was a zealous exponent of mesmerism, and the prominence given to the topics of mesmerism and See also:

CLAIRVOYANCE (Fr. for " clear-seeing ")

clairvoyance heightened the See also:

general disapprobation of the See also:

BOOK

book, which caused a lasting See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division between Miss Martineau and some of her friends.

She published a condensed English version of the Philosophie See also:

POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

Positive (18J3). To the Daily See also:

NEWS

News she contributed regularly from 1852 to 1866. Her Letters from See also:

Ireland, written during a visit to that country in the summer of 1852, appeared in that See also:

paper. She was for many years a contributor to the Westminster Review, and was one of the little See also:

BAND

band of supporters whose pecuniary assistance in 1854 prevented its extinction or forced sale. In the early part of 1855 Miss Martineau found herself suffering from See also:

heart disease. She now began to write her auto-See also:

BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, but her life, which she supposed to be so near its See also:

close, was prolonged for twenty years. She died at " The Knoll " on the 27th of June 1876. She cultivated a tiny See also:

FARM

farm at Ambleside with success, and her poorer neighbours owed much to her. Her busy life bears the consistent impress of two leading characteristics—See also:

INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and sincerity. The See also:

VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict which she records on herself in the autobiographical See also:

SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch See also:

LEFT

left to be published by the Daily News has been endorsed by posterity. She says—" Her See also:

ORIGINAL

original See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was nothing more than was due to earnestness and intellectual clearness within a certain range. With small imaginative and suggestive See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and therefore nothing approaching to See also:

GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, she could see clearly what she did see, and give a dear expressionto what she had to say.

In See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, she could popularize while she could neither discover nor invent." Her See also:

JUDGMENT

judgment on large questions was clear and See also:

sound, and was always the judgment of a mind naturally progressive and See also:

PROTESTANT

Protestant. See her Autobiography, with Memorials by Maria See also:

WESTON, THOMAS (1737-1776)

Weston See also:

Chapman (1877) and Mrs. See also:

FENWICK, SIR JOHN (c. 1645-1697)

Fenwick See also:

Miller, Harriet Martineau (1884, " Eminent See also:

WOMEN

Women Series ").

End of Article: MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876)

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