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FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 16 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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FRANK, See also:JAKOB (1726-1791) , a Jewish theologian, who founded in See also:Poland, in the See also:middle of the 18th See also:century, a See also:sect which emanated from Judaism but ended by merging with See also:Christianity. The sect was the outcome of the Messianic See also:mysticism of Sabbetai Zebi. It was an antinomian See also:movement in which the authority of the Jewish See also:law was held to be superseded by See also:personal freedom. The Jewish authorities, alarmed at the moral laxity which resulted from the emotional See also:rites of the Frankists, did their utmost to suppress the sect. But the latter, posing as an See also:anti-Talmudic protest in behalf of a spiritual See also:religion, won a certain amount of public sympathy. There was, however, no deep sincerity in the tenets of the Frankists, for though in 1759 they were baptized en masse, amid much pomp, the See also:Church soon became convinced that Frank was not a genuine convert. He was imprisoned on a See also:charge of See also:heresy, but on his See also:release in 1763 the empress Maria See also:Theresa patronized him, regarding him as a propagandist of Christianity among the See also:Jews. He thenceforth lived in See also:state as See also:baron of See also:Offenbach, and on his See also:death (1791) his daughter Eva succeeded him as See also:head of the sect. The Frankists gradually merged in the See also:general See also:Christian See also:body, the movement leaving no permanent trace in the See also:synagogue. (I. A.) FRANK-ALMOIGN (libera eleemosyna, See also:free See also:alms), in the See also:English law of real See also:property, a See also:species of spiritual See also:tenure, whereby a religious See also:corporation, aggregate or See also:sole, holds lands of the donor to them and their successors for ever. It was a tenure dating from Saxon times, held not on the See also:ordinary feudal conditions, but discharged of all services except the trinoda See also:necessitas.

But " they which hold in frank-almoign are See also:

bound of right before See also:God to make orisons, prayers, masses and other divine services for the souls of their grantor or feoffor, and for the souls of their heirs which are dead, and for the prosperity and See also:good See also:life and good See also:health of their heirs which are alive. And therefore they shall do no fealty to their See also:lord, because that this divine service is better for them before God than any doing of fealty " (Litt. s. 135). It was the tenure by which the greater number of the monasteries and religious houses held their lands; it was expressly exempted from the See also:statute 12 See also:Car.II. C.24 (166o), by which the other See also:ancient tenures were abolished, and it is the tenure by which the parochial See also:clergy and many ecclesiastical and eleemosynary See also:foundations hold their lands at the See also:present See also:day. As a See also:form of donation, however, it came to an end by the passing of the statute Quia Emptores, for by that statute no new tenure of frank-almoign could be created, except by the See also:crown. See See also:Pollock and See also:Maitland, See also:History of English Law, where the history of frank-almoign is given at length.

End of Article: FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

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