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See also:THERESA, ST (1515-1582) , or Teresa de Cepeda, See also:Spanish See also:nun, was See also:born at See also:Avila, in Old See also:Castile, on the 2Sth of See also:March 1515, and was educated in an Augustinian See also:convent in the See also:town. As a See also:child she was interested in the stories of martyrs, and at the See also:age of eighteen See also:left See also:home one See also:morning, and applied for ad-See also:mission at the Carmelite convent of the Incarnation. She was disappointed at first at the slackness of discipline, but she appears afterwards to have accommodated herself with tolerablesuccess to the worldliness of her environment, though not without intervals of religious misgiving. It was in the See also:year 1554, when she was nearly See also:forty, that the event known as her See also:conversion took See also:place, and the seccnd See also:part of her See also:life began. The See also:death of her See also:father roused her to serious reflection, and one See also:day, as she entered the See also:oratory, she was struck by the See also:image of the wounded See also:Christ, placed there for an approaching festival. She See also:fell in tears at the feet of the figure, and See also:felt every worldly emotion See also:die within her. The See also:shock threw her into a See also:trance, and these trances, accompanied by visions, recurred frequently in the subsequent part of her life. They have since been. adduced as Divine attestations of her saintship, but the See also:sister-See also:hood in the convent set them down to See also:possession by a See also:devil; her new departure was due in their eyes to no worthier See also:motive than the See also:desire to be See also:peculiar and to be reputed better than other See also:people. Teresa herself was very humble, and thought their explanation might be true; she took her See also:case to her See also:confessor and to the provincial-See also:general of the See also:Jesuits, who put her under a course of discipline. One day, while thus occupied, her trance came upon her, and she heard a See also:voice say,." Though shalt have no more converse with men, but with angels." After this the trance or See also:fit always returned when she was at prayers, and she felt that Christ was See also:close to her. Presently she was able to see Him, " exactly as He was painted rising from the See also:sepulchre." Her confessor directed her to exorcise the figure, and she obeyed with See also:pain, but, it is needless to say, in vain. The visions See also:grew more and more vivid. The See also:cross of her See also:rosary was snatched from her See also:hand one day, and when returned it was made of jewels more brilliant than diamonds, visible, however, to her alone. She had often an acute pain in her See also:side, and fancied that an See also:angel came to her with a See also:lance tipped with See also:fire, which he struck into her See also:heart. The 27th of See also:August is kept sacred in See also:Spain to this See also:mystery, which has also formed a favourite subject of Spanish painters. She had also visions of another description: she was shown See also:hell with its horrors, and the devil would sit upon her See also:breviary, belabour her with blows, and fill her See also:cell with imps. For several years these experiences continued, and the See also:verdict as to their source still remained far from unanimous. Meanwhile, the spread of the See also:Reformation became the subject of much searching of See also:hearts to pious Catholics. Teresa reflected like the See also:rest, and her experience led her to find the real cause of the See also:catastrophe in the relaxation of discipline within the religious orders. She formed the project of See also:founding a See also:house in which all the See also:original rules of the Carmelite See also:- ORDER
- ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
- ORDER, HOLY
order would be observed. In spite of See also:great opposition from the authorities of the order, and in particular from the prioress and sisters of the Incarnation, she persevered with her See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme, being encouraged to See also:appeal to the See also:pope by certain priests who saw the benefit which would accrue to the See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church from her zeal. A private house in Avila was secretly got ready to serve as a small convent, and, when the See also:bull arrived from See also:Rome, Teresa went out on leave from the Incarnation and installed four poor See also:women in the new house dedicated to her See also:patron St See also:Joseph. It was on the 24th of August 1562 that See also:mass was said in the little See also:chapel and the new order constituted. It was to be an order of Descalzos or Barefoots, in opposition to the relaxed See also:parent See also:body, the Calzados. The sisters were not 'to be literally shoeless, but to See also:wear sandals of rope; they were to See also:sleep on See also:straw, to eat no See also:meat, to be strictly confined to the See also:cloister, and to live on See also:alms without See also:regular endowment. After lodging her four sisters, Teresa returned to the Incarnation; but, when the See also:secret was discovered, See also:Carmelites and townspeople were alike furious. Violence, however, was prevented, and the See also:matter was referred to the See also:council of See also:state at See also:Madrid. See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II, referred it again to the pope, and after six months a fresh bull arrived from See also:Pius V. The provincial of her order now gave her leave to remove and take See also:charge of her sisterhood. The number of thirteen, to which on grounds of discipline she had limited the See also:foundation, was soon filled up, and Teresa spent here the five happiest years of her life. Her visions continued, and, by command of her ecclesiastical superiors, she wrote her autobiography containing a full See also:account of these experiences,
though she was far from basing any claim to holiness upon them. The general of the order visited her at Avila, and gave her See also:powers to found other houses of Descalzos, for men as well as women. The last fifteen years of her life were spent mainly in hard journeys with this end and in the continually growing labour of organization. Convents were founded at See also:Medina, See also:Malaga, See also:Valladolid, See also:Toledo, See also:Segovia and See also:Salamanca, and two at See also:Alva under the patronage of the famous See also:duke. Then she had three years of rest, as prioress of her old convent of the Incarnation. She next went to See also:Seville to found a house, thus overstepping for the first See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time the boundaries of the Castiles, to which her authorization limited her.
The latent hostility of the old order was aroused; the general ordered the immediate suppression of the house at Seville, and procured a bull from See also:- GREGORY
- GREGORY (Gregorius)
- GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
- GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
- GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
- GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
- GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
- GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)
Gregory XIII. prohibiting the further See also:extension of the reformed houses (1575). But the See also:movement against her came from See also:Italy, and was resented by Philip and the Spanish authorities • as undue interference; and after a fierce struggle, during which Teresa was two years under See also:arrest at Toledo, the Carmelites were divided into two bodies in 1580, and the Descalzos obtained the right to elect their own provincial-generals (see CARMELITES). The few remaining years of Teresa's life were spent in the old way, organizing the order she had founded, and travelling about to open new convents. Sixteen convents and fourteen monasteries were founded by her efforts; she wrote a See also:history of her See also:foundations, which forms a supplement to her autobiography. Her last See also:journey of inspection was cut See also:short at Alva, where she died on the 29th of See also:September 1582. A See also:violet odour and a fragrant oil were said to distil from her See also:tomb; and when it was opened nine months afterwards the flesh was found uncorrupted. A hand cut off by a fervent See also:brother was found to See also:work miracles, and the order became convinced that their founder had been a See also:saint. It was resolved in 1585 to remove her remains to Avila, where she was born, the sisters at Alva being consoled by per-mission to retain the mutilated See also:arm. But the See also:family of the duke of Alva procured an order from the pope enjoining that the body should be restored to Alva, and she was accordingly laid there once more in a splendid tomb. But even then she was not allowed to rest: she was again disentombed, to be laid in a more magnificent See also:coffin, and the greed of reverential relic-seekers made unseemly havoc of her bones.
Teresa was canonized by Gregory XV. in 1622. The See also:honour was doubtless largely due to her See also:asceticism and mystic visions. She called herself Teresa de Jesus, to signify the closeness of her relation to the heavenly Bridegroom, who directed all her actions. Though s1ie deprecated excess of ascetic severity in others, she scourged herself habitually, and wore a peculiarly painful See also:hair-See also:cloth. But her life shows her to have been, besides, a woman of strong practicality and See also:good sense, full of natural shrewdness, and with unusual powers of organization. " You deceived me in saying she was a woman," writes one of her confessors; " she is a bearded See also:man." She was brave in the See also:face of difficulties and dangers, pure in her motives, and her utterances, some of which have been quoted, have the true ethical See also:ring about them. Her See also:MSS. were collected by Philip II. and placed in a See also:rich case in the See also:Escorial, the See also:key of which the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king carried about with him. Besides her autobiography and the history of her foundations, her. See also:works (all written in Spanish) contain a great number of letters and various See also:treatises of mystical See also:religion, the See also:chief of which are The Way of Perfection and The See also:Castle of the Soul. Both describe the progress of the soul towards perfect See also:union with See also:God.
Her works, edited by two See also:Dominicans were first published in 1587, and have since appeared in various See also:editions. They were soon afterwards "translated into See also:Italian, See also:French (4 vols., See also:Paris, 1840–46) and Latin; an See also:English See also:translation of the Life and works (except the letters) by A. Woodhead appeared in 1669. Other See also:translations of the Life are those by See also:John See also:Dalton (1851), who also translated The Way of Perfection and the Letters (1902), and by See also:David See also:Lewis (1870), who in 1871 also translated the Foundations. A. R. See also:Waller reprinted Woodhead's translation of The Way of Perfection in " The Cloister Library " (1901). See also:Biographies appeared soon after her death by the Jesuit See also:Ribera, who had been her confessor (1602), and by Diego de Yepez, confessor to Philip II. (1599).
Details are also given in Ribadeneyra's Flos Sanctorum and in See also:Alban See also:- BUTLER
- BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
- BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
- BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
- BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
- BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
- BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
- BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
- BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
- BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
- BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
- BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)
Butler's Lives of the See also:Saints. A See also:separate See also:biography, with See also:preface by See also:Cardinal See also:Manning, appeared in 1865; a full and See also:critical edition of the Life is that by Mrs G. C. See also:Graham, 2 vols. (1894). See also H. Prinz v. Oettingen-Spielberg, Geschichte d. heil. Theresia (See also:Regensburg, 1899) ; A. See also:Whyte, See also:Santa Teresa, an appreciation, with some of the best passages of the writings (1897) ; E. Hello, Studies in Saintship (1903).
End of Article: THERESA, ST (1515-1582)
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