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ESCORIAL , or EsculuAL, in See also:Spain, one of the most remarkable buildings in See also:Europe, comprising at once a See also:convent, a See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, a See also:palace and a See also:mausoleum. The Escorial is situated 3432 ft. above the See also:sea, on the See also:south-western slopes of the Sierra de Guadarrama, and thus within the See also:borders of the See also:province of See also:Madrid and the See also:kingdom of New See also:Castile. By the Madrid-See also:Avila railway it is 31 M. N.W. of Madrid. The surrounding See also:country is a sterile and gloomy See also:wilderness exposed to the See also:cold and blighting I/lasts of the Sierra.
According to the usual tradition, which there seems no sufficient See also:reason to reject, the Escorial owes its existence to a See also:vow made by See also:- PHILIP
- PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
- PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
- PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
- PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)
Philip II. of Spain (1556–1598), shortly after the See also:battle of St Quentin, in which his forces succeeded in routing the See also:army of See also:France. The See also:day of the victory, the loth of See also:August 1557, was sacred to St Laurence; and accordingly the See also:building was dedicated to that See also:saint, and received the See also:title of El real monasterio de See also:San Lorenzo del Escorial. The last distinctive epithet was derived from the little See also:hamlet in the vicinity which furnished shelter, not only to the workmen, but to the monks of St Jeromewho were afterwards to be in See also:possession of the monastery; and the hamlet itself is generally but perhaps erroneously supposed to be indebted for its name to the scoriae or dross of certain old See also:iron mines. The preparation of the plans and the superintendence of the See also:work were entrusted by the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king to Juan Bautista de See also:Toledo, a See also:Spanish architect who had received most of his professional See also:education in See also:Italy. The first See also:- STONE
- STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
- STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
- STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
- STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
- STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
- STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
- STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
- STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)
stone was laid in See also:April 1563; and under the king's See also:personal inspection the work rapidly advanced. Abundant supplies of berroquena, a See also:granite-like stone, were obtained in the neighbourhood, and for rarer materials the resources of both the Old and the New See also:World were put under contribution. The See also:death of Toledo in 1567 threatened a fatal See also:blow at the satisfactory completion of the enterprise, but a worthy successor was found in Juan See also:Herrera, Toledo's favourite See also:- PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)
pupil, who adhered in the See also:main to his See also:master's designs. On the 13th of See also:September 1584 the last stone of the See also:masonry was laid, and the See also:works were brought to a termination in 1593. Each successive occupant of the Spanish See also:throne has done something, however slight, to the restoration or adornment of Philip's convent-palace, and See also:Ferdinand VII. (1808–1833) did so much in this way that he has been called a second founder. In all its See also:principal features, however, the Escorial remains what it was made by the See also:genius of Toledo and Herrera working out the See also:grand, if abnormal, desires of their master.
The ground See also:plan of the building is estimated to occupy an See also:area of 396,782 sq. ft., and the See also:total area of all the storeys would See also:form a See also:causeway ',See also:metre in breadth and 95 M. in length. There are seven towers, fifteen gateways and, according to Los See also:Santos, no fewer than 12,000 windows and doors. The See also:general arrangement is shown by the accompanying plan. Entering by the main entrance the visitor finds himself in an See also:atrium, called the See also:Court of the See also:Kings (See also:Patio de los reyes), from the 16th-See also:century statues of the kings of See also:Judah, by Juan Bautista Monegro, which adorn the See also:facade of the church. The sides of the atrium are unfortunately occupied by See also:plain ungainly buildings five storeys in height, awkwardly accommodating themselves to the upward slope of the ground. Of the grandeur of the church itself, however, there can be no question: it is the finest portion of the whole Escorial, and, according to See also:Fergusson, deserves to See also:rank as one of the See also:great See also:Renaissance churches of Europe. It is about 340 ft. from See also:east to See also:west by 200 from See also:north to south, and thus occupies an area of about 70,000 sq. ft. The See also:dome is 6o ft. in See also:diameter, and its height at the centre is about 320 ft. In glaring contrast to the bold and See also:simple forms of the See also:architecture, which belongs to the Doric See also:style, were the See also:bronze and See also:marbles and pictures of the high See also:altar, the masterpiece of the Milanese Giacomo Trezzo, almost ruined by the See also:French in 18o8. Directly under the altar is situated the See also:pantheon or royal mausoleum, a richly decorated octagonal chamber with upwards of twenty niches, occupied by See also:black See also:marble urnas or sarcophagi, kept sacred for the dust of kings or mothers of kings. There are the remains of See also:Charles V. (1516–1556), of Philip II., and of all their successors on the Spanish throne down to Ferdinand VII., with the exception of Philip V. (17o0–1746) and Ferdinand VI. (1746–1759). Several of the sarcophagi are still empty. For the other members of the royal See also:family there is a See also:separate vault, known as the Panteon de los Infantes, or more familiarly by the dreadfully suggestive name of El Pudridero. The most interesting See also:room in the palace is Philip II.'s See also:cell, from which through an opening in the See also:wall he could see the celebration of See also:mass while too See also:ill to leave his See also:bed.
The library, situated above the principal See also:portico, was at one See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time one of the richest in Europe, comprising the king's own collection, the extensive See also:bequest of Diego de See also:Mendoza, Philip's See also:ambassador to See also:Rome, the spoils of the See also:emperor of See also:Morocco, Muley Zidan (1603–1628) and various contributions from See also:con-vents, churches and cities. It suffered greatly in the See also:fire of 1671, and has since been impoverished by See also:plunder and neglect. Among its curiosities still extant are two New Testament Codices of the loth century and two of the 11th ; various works by See also:Alphonso the See also:Wise (1252–1284), a See also:Virgil of the 14th century, a See also:Koran of the 15th, &c. Of the Arabic See also:manuscripts which it contained in the 17th century a See also:catalogue was given in J. H. See also:Hottinger's
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Views and Plan of the Escorial.'
14. See also:Chapel of the Cristo de la buena muerte. 27. Old theological See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall.
CHURCH 15. Chapel of the Eleven Thousand Virgins. 28. Chamber of secrets.
I. Principal entrance and portico. 16. Former Chapel of the Patrocinio. 29. Old See also:refectory.
2. Court of the kings (Patio de los reyes). 17. See also:Sacristy. 30. Entrance to the See also:college.
3. See also:Vestibule of the church. PALACE 31. College yard.
4. See also:Choir of the seminarists. 18. 'Principal court of the palace. CONVENT
5. Centre of the church and See also:projection of the
19. Ladies' See also:tower.
dome.
20. Court of the masks. 32. See also:Clock tower.
6. Greater chapel. 21. Apartments of the royal See also:children. 33. Principal See also:cloister.
7. High altar. 22. Royal See also:oratory. 34. Court of the evangelists.
8. Chapel of St See also:John. 23. Oratory where Philip II. died. 35. See also:Prior's cell.
9- Chapel of St See also:Michael. See also:SEMINARY 36. Archives.
to. Chapel of St See also:Maurice. 37. Old church.
24. Entrance to seminary.
I I. Chapel of the See also:Rosary. 38. Visitors' hall.
12. See also:Tomb of Louisa Carlota. 25. Classrooms. 39. See also:Manuscript library.
13. Chapel of the Patrocinio. 26. Old philosophical hall. 40. Convent refectory.
Promptuarium sive bibliotheca orientalis, published at See also:Heidelberg in 1658, and another in the 18th, in M. See also:Casiri's Bibliotheca Arabico-Hispanica (2 vols., Madrid, 176o-1770). Of the See also:artistic treasures with which the Escorial was gradually enriched, it is sufficient to mention the frescoes of Peregrin or Pellagrino Tibaldi, Luis de Carbajal, Bartolommeo See also:Carducci or Carducho, and Luca See also:Giordano, and the pictures of See also:Titian, See also:Tintoretto and Velasquez. These paintings all date from the 15th or the 17th century. Many of those that are movable have been transferred to Madrid, and many others have perished by fire or See also:sack. The conflagration of 1671, already mentioned, raged for fifteen days, and only the church, a See also:part of the palace, and two towers escaped uninjured. In 18o8 the whole building was exposed to the ravages of the French soldiers under General La See also:Houssaye. On the See also:night of
the 1st of See also:October 1872, the college and seminary, a part of the palace and the upper library were devastated by fire; but the damage was subsequently repaired. In 1885 the conventual buildings were occupied by Augustinian monks.
The reader will find a remarkable description of the emotional See also:influence of the Escorial in E. See also:Quinet's Vacances en Espagne (See also:Paris, 1846), and for See also:historical and architectural details he may consult the following works:-Fray Juan de San Geronimo, Memorias sobre la fundacion del Escorial y su fabrica, in the Coleccion de documentos ineditos See also:pare la historic de Espana, vol. vii.; Y. de Herrera, Sumario y breve See also:declaration de los disenos y estampas de la fab. de S. Lorencio el Real del Escurial (Madrid, 1589); Jose de Siguenza, Historic de la orden de San Geronyno, &c. (Madrid, 1590).
' Reduced from a large plan of the Escorial in the See also:British Museum, Monasterio del Escorial, published at Madrid in 1876.
L. de See also:Cabrera de See also:Cordova, Felipe Segundo (Madrid, 1619) ; See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Wadsworth, Further Observations of the See also:English Spanish Pilgrime (See also:London, 1629, 1630) ; Ilario Mazzorali de See also:Cremona, Le Reali Grandezze del Escuriale (See also:Bologna, 1648) ; De los Santos, Descripcion del real monasterio, &c. (Madrid, 1657) ; See also:Andres Ximenes, Descripcion, &c. (Madrid, 1764) ; Y. Quevedo, Historia del Real Monasterio, &c. (Madrid, 1849) ; A. Rotondo, Hist. artistica, . . . del monasterio de San Lorenzo (Madrid, 1856–1861); W. H. See also:Prescott, See also:Life of Philip II. (London, 1887) ; J. Fergusson, See also:History of the See also:Modern Styles of Architecture (London, 1891–1893) ; See also:Sir W. See also:Stirling-See also:Maxwell, See also:Annals of the Artists of Spain (London, 1891).
End of Article: ESCORIAL
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