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SANTOS

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Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 196 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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SANTOS , a See also:

city and seaport of See also:Brazil, in the See also:state of Sao Paulo, about 230 M. W.S.W. of Rio de Janeiro, and 49 M. by See also:rail S.E. of Sao Paulo city. Pop. (189o) 13,012; (1902 estimate) 35,000. Santos covers an alluvial See also:plain on the inner See also:side of an See also:island (called Sao See also:Vicente) formed by an inland tidal channel sometimes called the Santos See also:river. The commercial See also:part of the city is some See also:miles from the mouth of the channel, but the residential sections extend across the plain and See also:line the See also:beach facing the See also:sea. The city is only a few feet above sea-level, the island is swampy, and deep, See also:cement-lined channels drain the city. The Santos river is deep and See also:free from obstructions, and in front of the city widens into a See also:bay deep enough for the largest vessels. The See also:water front, formerly beds of mud and slime, the source of many epidemics of See also:fever, is now faced by a See also:wall of See also:stone and cement. Vessels See also:moor alongside this. See also:quay, which is lined with warehouses and provided with railway tracks, &c. Formerly See also:coffee was transported in carts from the railway station to the warehouses, thence loaded into lighters by porters, and from these transferred to vessels anchored in midstream. The improvements were planned by an See also:American engineer, See also:William Milnor See also:Roberts (1810-1881).

The thorough drainage of the city has made Santos comparatively healthy. The heavy rainfall (882 in. per annum), neighbouring swamps, See also:

rank vegetation and See also:great See also:heat give rise to malarial and intestinal disorders, See also:rheumatism and other diseases. See also:Bert-beri and smallpox are also See also:common, and bubonic See also:plague has appeared since 1900. The temperature ranges from 410 to Io1.3° F. in the shade. The development of coffee See also:production in the state of Sao Paulo during the closing years of the 19th See also:century has made Santos the largest coffee See also:shipping See also:port in the See also:world, the exports amounting to 5,849,114 bags, of 1321b each, in 1900, and 8,940,144 bags in Igo8. The other exports include See also:sugar, See also:rice, See also:rum, See also:fruit, hides and manufactured goods. Bananas are grown in the vicinity for the River See also:Plate markets. The most popular suburb in the vicinity of Santos is the bathing resort of Guaruj5,. The Sao Paulo railway, an See also:English See also:double-track line, provides communication with the interior, ascending the steep wooded slopes of the Serra do See also:Mar by a See also:series of inclines up which the cars are See also:drawn by stationary engines on the old line, 4nd by a series of gradients on the new line. The first See also:settlement on the Sao Paulo See also:coast was that of Sao Vicente in 1532, about 6 m. S. of Santos on the same island. Other settlements soon followed, among them that of Santos in 1543-1546, and later on the small fort at the entrance to its See also:harbour, which was used for See also:protection against See also:Indian raids from the See also:north..

Sao Vicente did not prosper, and was succeeded (1681) by Sao Paulo as the See also:

capital and by Santos as the seaport of the See also:colony. It was captured by the English See also:privateer, See also:Thomas See also:Cavendish, in 1591, when Sao Vicente was burned. The growth of the See also:town was slow down to the end of the 19th century, because of insanitary conditions and epidemics.

End of Article: SANTOS

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