Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

SANUTO (SANUDO), MARINO

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V24, Page 197 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
» Make a correction to this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

SANUTO (SANUDO), See also:MARINO , the See also:elder, of See also:Torcello (c. 126o-1338), Venetian statesman, geographer, &c. He is best known for his See also:life-See also:long attempts to revive the crusading spirit and See also:movement; with this See also:object he wrote his See also:great See also:work, the Secreta (or See also:Liber Secretorum) Fidelium Crucis, otherwise called Historia Hierosolymitana, Liber de expeditione Terrae Sanclae, and See also:Opus Terrae Sanctae, the last being perhaps the proper See also:title of the whole See also:treatise as completed in three parts or " books." This work has much to say of See also:trade and trade-routes as well as of See also:political and other See also:history; and through its accompanying maps and plans it occupies an important See also:place in the development of cartography. It was begun in See also:March 1306, and finished (in its earliest See also:form) in See also:January 1307, when it was offered to See also:Pope See also:Clement V. as a See also:manual for true Crusaders who desired the reconquest of the See also:Holy See also:Land. To this See also:original Liber Secretorum Sanuto added largely; two other " books " were composed between See also:December 1312 and See also:September 1321, when the entire work was presented by the author to Pope See also:John XXII., together with a See also:map of the See also:world, a map of See also:Palestine, a See also:chart of the Mediterranean, See also:Black See also:Sea and See also:west See also:European coasts, and plans of See also:Jerusalem, See also:Antioch and See also:Acre. A copy was also offered to the See also:king of See also:France, to whom Sanuto desired to commit the military and political leadership of the new crusade. Marino himself tells us that he had spent the best See also:part of his life in Romania, the lands of the Eastern See also:empire; of the Morea he had especially intimate knowledge; he had also visited See also:Cyprus, See also:Rhodes, parts of the Syrian, Cilician and See also:Egyptian coasts, France, See also:Flanders and See also:north See also:Germany, both west and See also:east of See also:Denmark. He had been in Acre, See also:Alexandria, See also:Constantinople, See also:Avignon, See also:Bruges and See also:Sluys, as well as (apparently) in See also:Hamburg, See also:Lubeck, See also:Wismar, See also:Rostock, See also:Stralsund, Greifswald and See also:Stettin. Among his See also:friends and correspondents were Guglielmo Bernardi de Furvo, a Venetian nobleman who had travelled extensively in Moslem and Mongol lands (to See also:Tabriz, See also:Bagdad, See also:Damascus and See also:Cairo), See also:Bishop See also:Jerome of See also:Kaffa, in the See also:Crimea, who in 1312 had been sent to reinforce the See also:Catholic See also:mission in See also:China, and perhaps See also:Peter, the See also:English-See also:born bishop of Sevastopolis or Sukhum Kale in western See also:Caucasia, who makes an See also:appeal for aid to the prelates of See also:England in 1330. Marino Sanuto's ancestor, Marco, had founded the greatness of his See also:family after the See also:Fourth Crusade as See also:duke of the See also:Archipelago and conqueror of See also:Naxos, See also:Paros, &c. (from 1207); and his descendant wrote with a See also:personal See also:interest in the question of crushing Moslem See also:power in•the See also:Levant. The crusading plans of the Secreta are See also:double: first, See also:Egypt and the Moslem world on the See also:side towards See also:Europe (See also:Syria, See also:Asia See also:Minor, the See also:Barbary States, See also:Granada, &c.) are to be ruined by the See also:absolute stoppage of all See also:Christian trade with the same.

By such an See also:

interdict Sanuto hopes that Egypt, dependent on its European and other imports of metals, provisions, weapons, See also:timber, See also:pitch and slaves, would be fatally weakened, and the way thus prepared for the second part of the See also:campaign—the armed attack of the crusading See also:fleet and See also:army on the See also:Nile See also:delta. With the aid of the Mongol See also:Tatars of Asia, natural See also:allies of western Christendom, and of the Nubian Christians, the See also:conquest of the Delta and of all Egypt was to be followed by that of Palestine, invaded and held from Egypt. Sanuto deprecates any other route for the crusade, and unfolds his See also:plan of campaign, his bases of See also:supply, his See also:sources for the supply of See also:good See also:seamen, with great detail. Not only Mediterranean seaports, but the lakes of North See also:Italy and central Europe, and the Hanseatic ports, are enumerated as nurseries of crusading mariners and marine skill. Finally, after the conquest of Egypt, Marino designs the See also:establishment of a Christian fleet in the See also:Indian Ocean to dominate and subjugate its coasts and islands. He also gives a See also:sketch of the trade-routes See also:crossing See also:Persia and Egypt, as well as of the course of Indian trade from Coromandel and See also:Gujarat to Ormuz and the See also:Persian Gulf, and to See also:Aden and the Nile. The maps and plans which illustrate the Secreta are probably (in the See also:main, at least) the work of the great portolano-draughtsman Pietro Vesconte: practically the whole of this map-work corresponds with what Vesconte has See also:left under his own name; much of it is indistinguishable. Among the plans that of Acre is of See also:peculiar interest, being the most See also:complete See also:representation known of the great crusading fortress on the See also:eve of its destruction, with the quarters of all its contingents of defenders (See also:Templars, &c.) indicated. The chart of the Mediterranean and Euxine and of the See also:Atlantic coasts of Europe is composed of five map-sheets, which together form a good example of the earliest scientific See also:design or portolano; in the world-map a portolano of the Mediterranean world Is combined with work of pre-portolan type in remoter regions. Here the See also:shore-lines of the countries well known to See also:Italian mariners, from Flanders to See also:Azov, are well laid down; the See also:Caspian and the north See also:German and Scandinavian coasts appear with an evident,though far slighter, relation to See also:practical knowledge; and some See also:idea is shown of the great See also:continental See also:rivers of the north, such as the See also:Don, See also:Volga, See also:Vistula, See also:Oxus and Syr Daria. See also:Africa, away from the Mediterranean, is conventional, with its See also:south-east projected, after the manner of See also:Idrisi, so as to See also:face Indian Asia, and with a western Nile traversing the See also:continent to the Atlantic. See also:Chinese and Indian Asia show little trace of the new knowledge which had been imparted by European pioneers from the Polos' See also:time, and which appears so strikingly in the Catalan See also:Atlas of 1375.

Sanuto's Palestine map is remarkable for its space-defining network of lines, which roughly See also:

answer to a See also:kind of See also:scheme of See also:latitude and See also:longitude, though properly speaking they are not scientific at all. Of the Secreta, twenty-three See also:MSS. exist, of which the See also:chief are: (I) See also:Florence, Riccardian Library, No. 237, 162 fols. (Secreta and Letters), with maps and plans on fols. 141, v.-144, r.; (2) See also:London, See also:British Museum, Addt. MSS., 27,376, 178 fols. with maps, &c. on fols. 18o, v.-190, r.; (3) See also:Paris, See also:National Library, MSS. See also:Lat. 4939, with maps, &c. on fols. 9, r.-I I, r. 27, 98-99. All these are of the 14th See also:century.

The Secreta has only once been printed entire, by See also:

Bongars, in Gesta Dei per Francos, vol. ii. pp. 1-288 (See also:Hanover, 1611). See also See also:Friedrich Kunstmann, " Studien caber Marino Sanudo den alteren, mit einem Anhange seiner ungedruckten Briefe " in Abhandlungen der historisch. Classe der Konigl. Bayerisch. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. vii. pp. 695-819 (See also:Munich, 1855); Foscarini, Letteratura Veneziana; See also:Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vol. v.; Postansque, De Marino Sanuto (See also:Montpellier, 1856); C. R. Beazley, See also:Dawn of See also:Modern See also:Geography, iii. 309-319, 391-392, 520-521, 549, 555. (C. R.

End of Article: SANUTO (SANUDO), MARINO

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click, and select "copy." Then paste it into your website, email, or other HTML.
Site content, images, and layout Copyright © 2006 - Net Industries, worldwide.
Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.

Links to articles and home page are always encouraged.

[back]
SANTOS 		[next]
SANUTO (or SANUTO), MARINO

Site © 2006 - Net Industries