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HAMBURG

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 875 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HAMBURG , a seaport of See also:

Germany, See also:capital of the See also:free See also:state of Hamburg, on the right See also:bank of the See also:northern See also:arm of the See also:Elbe, 75 M. from its mouth at See also:Cuxhaven and 178 m. N.W. from See also:Berlin by See also:rail. It is the largest and most important seaport on the See also:continent of See also:Europe and (after See also:London and New See also:York) the third largest in the See also:world. Were it not for See also:political and municipal boundaries Hamburg might be considered as forming with See also:Altona and Ottensen (which See also:lie within Prussian territory) one See also:town. The view of the three from the See also:south, presenting a continuous See also:river frontage of six See also:miles, the river crowded with See also:shipping and the densely packed houses surmounted by See also:church towers—of which three are higher than the See also:dome of St See also:Paul's in London—is one of See also:great magnificence. The See also:city proper lies on both sides of the little. river Alster, which, dammed up a See also:short distance from its mouth, forms a See also:lake, of which the See also:southern portion within the See also:line of the former fortifications bears the name of the Inner Alster (Binnen Alster), and the other and larger portion (2500 yards See also:long and 1300 yards at the widest) that of the See also:Outer Alster (Aussen Alster). The fortifications as such were removed in 1815, but they have See also:left their trace in a See also:fine See also:girdle of See also:green See also:round the city, though too many inroads on its completeness have been made by See also:railways and roadways. The See also:oldest portion of the city is that which lies to the See also:east of the Alster; but, though it still retains the name of Altstadt, nearly all trace of its antiquity has disappeared, as it was rebuilt after the great See also:fire of 1842. To the See also:west lies the new town (See also:Neustadt), incorporated in 1678; beyond this and contiguous to Altona is the former suburb of St See also:Pauli, incorporated in 1876, and towards the See also:north-east that of St Georg, which arose in the 13th See also:century but was not incorpora \ed till 1868. The old town lies See also:low, and it is traversed by a great n ber of narrow canals or " fleets " (Fleeten)—for the same word hich has left its trace in London nomenclature is used in the Low See also:German city—which add considerably to the picturesqueness of the meaner quarters, and serve as convenient channels for the transport of goods. They generally See also:form what may be called the back streets, and they are bordered by warehouses, cellars and the See also:lower class of dwelling-houses. As they are subject to the ebb and flow of the Elbe, at certain times they run almost dry.

As soon as the telegram at Cuxhaven announces high See also:

tide three shots are fired from the See also:harbour to warn the inhabitants of the " fleets "; and if the progress of the tide up the river gives indication of danger, other three shots follow. The " fleets " with their See also:quaint See also:medieval warehouses, which come sheer down to the See also:water, and are navigated by See also:barges, have gained for Hamburg the name of " Northern See also:Venice." They are, however, though See also:antique and interesting, somewhat See also:dismal and unsavoury. In fine contrast to them is the See also:bright See also:appearance of the Binnen Alster, which is enclosed on three sides by handsome rows of buildings, the Alsterdamm in the east, the Alter Jungfernstieg in the south, and the Neuer Jungfernstieg in the west, while it is separated from the Aussen Alster by See also:part of the rampart gardens traversed by the railway uniting Hamburg with Altona and See also:crossing the lakes by a beautiful See also:bridge—the See also:Lombards-Briicke. Around the outer lake are grouped the suburbs Harvestehude and Pdsseldorf on the western See also:shore, and Uhlenhorst on the eastern, with See also:park-like promenades and villas surrounded by well-kept gardens. Along the southern end of the Binnen Alster runs the Jungfernstieg with fine shops, hotels and restaurants facing the water. A See also:fleet of shallow-See also:draught See also:screw steamers provides a favourite means of communication between the business centre of the city and the outlying colonies of villas. The streets enclosing the Binnen Alster are fashionable promenades, and leading directly from this See also:quarter are the See also:main business thoroughfares, the Neuer-See also:Wall, the See also:Grosse Bleichen and the Hermannstrasse. The largest of the public squares in Hamburg is the Hopfenmarkt, which contains the church of St See also:Nicholas (Nikolaikirche) and is the See also:principal See also:market for vegetables and See also:fruit. Others of importance are the Gansemarkt, the Zeughausmarkt and the Grossneumarkt. Of the See also:thirty-five churches existing in Hamburg (the old See also:cathedral had to be taken down in 18o5), the St Petrikirche, Nikolaikirche, St Katharinenkirche, St Jakobikirche and St Michaeliskirche are those that give their names to the five old city parishes. The Nikolaikirche a See also:monument to See also:Lessing (1881) ; while occupying a commanding site on the promenades towards Altona is the gigantic statue of See also:Bismarck which was unveiled in See also:June 1906. The Kunst-See also:Halle (the picture See also:gallery), containing some See also:good See also:works by See also:modern masters, faces the east end of Lombards-Brucke.

The new Natural See also:

History Museum, completed in 1891, stands a little distance farther south. To the east of it comes the Museum for See also:Art and See also:Industry, founded in 1878, now one of the most important institutions of the See also:kind in Germany, with which is connected a trades school. See also:Close by is the Hansa-See also:fountain (65 ft. high), erected in 1878. On the north-east See also:side of the suburb of St Georg a botanical museum and laboratory have been established. There is a new See also:general See also:hospital at Eppendorf, outside the town on the north, built on the See also:pavilion principle, and one of the finest structures of the kind in Europe; and at Ohlsdorf, in the same direction, a crematorium was built in 1891 in See also:conjunction with the town cemeteries (370 acres). There must also be mentioned the fine public zoological gardens, See also:Hagenbeck's private zoological gardens in the vicinity, the See also:schools of See also:music and See also:navigation, and the school of See also:commerce. In 1900 a high school for See also:shipbuilding was founded, and in 1901 an See also:institute for See also:seamen's and tropical diseases, with a laboratory for their physiological study, was opened, and also the first public free library in the city. The river is spanned just above the Frei Hafen by a triple-arched railway bridge, 1339 ft. long, erected in 1868–1873 and doubled in width in 1894. Some 270 yds. higher up is a magnificent See also:iron bridge (1888) for vehicles and See also:foot passengers. The southern arm of the Elbe, on the south side of the See also:island of Wilhelmsburg, is crossed by another railway bridge of four See also:arches and 2050 ft. in length. Railways.—The through railway See also:traffic of Hamburg is practically confined to that proceeding northwards—to See also:Kiel and See also:Jutland —and for the See also:accommodation of such trains the central (See also:terminus) station at Altona is the See also:chief gathering point. The Hamburg stations, connected with the other by the Verbindungs-Bahn (or See also:metropolitan railway) crossing the Lombards-Brucke, are those of the Venloer (or Hanoverian, as it is often called) Bahnhof on the south-east, in close proximity to the harbour, into which converge the lines from See also:Cologne and See also:Bremen, See also:Hanover and See also:Frankfort-on-Main, and from Berlin, via Nelzen; the Klostertor-Bahnhof (on the metropolitan line) which temporarily superseded the old Berlin station, and the See also:Lubeck station a little to the north-east, during the erection of the new central station, which occupies a site between the Klostertoi-Bahnhof and the Lombards-Brucke.

Between this central station and Altona terminus runs the metropolitan railway, which has been raised several feet so as to bridge over the streets, and on which lie the important stations Dammtor and Sternschanze. An excellent service of electric trams interconnect the towns of Hamburg, Altona and the adjacent suburbs, and steamboats provide communication on the Elbe with the riparian towns and villages; and so with Blankenese and See also:

Harburg, with See also:Stade, See also:Gluckstadt and Cuxhaven. See also:Trade and Shipping.—Probably there is no See also:place which during the last thirty years of the loth century See also:grew faster commercially than Hamburg. Its commerce is, however, almost entirely of the nature of transit trade, for it is not only the chief distributing centre for the See also:middle of Europe of the products of all other parts of the world, but is also the chief outlet for German, See also:Austrian, and even to some extent See also:Russian (See also:Polish) raw products and manufactures. Its principal imports are See also:coffee (of which it is the greatest See also:continental market), See also:tea, See also:sugar, spices, See also:rice, See also:wine (especially from See also:Bordeaux), See also:lard (from See also:Chicago), cereals, See also:sago, dried fruits, See also:herrings, See also:wax (from See also:Morocco and See also:Mozambique), See also:tobacco, See also:hemp, See also:cotton (which of See also:late years shows a large increase), See also:wool, skins, See also:leather, See also:oils, dyewoods, See also:indigo, nitrates, See also:phosphates and See also:coal. Of the See also:total importations of all kinds of coal to See also:Ham-See also:burg, that of See also:British coal, particularly from See also:Northumberland and See also:Durham, occupies the first place, and despite some falling off in late years, owing to the competition made by Westphalian coal, amounts to more than See also:half the total import. The increase of the trade of Hamburg is most strikingly shown by that of is especially remarkable for its See also:spire, which is 473 ft. high and ranks, after those of IJIm and Cologne, as the third highest ecclesiastical edifice in the world. The old church was destroyed in the great fire of 1842, and the new See also:building, designed by See also:Sir See also:George See also:Gilbert See also:Scott in 13th century See also:Gothic, was erected 1845–1874. The exterior and interior are elaborately adorned with sculptures. See also:Sandstone from Osterwald near See also:Hildesheim was used for the outside, and for the inner See also:work a softer variety from Postelwitz near See also:Dresden. The Michaeliskirche, which is built on the highest point in the city and has a See also:tower 428 ft. high, was erected (1750–1762) by See also:Ernst G. Sonnin on the site of the older building of the 17th century destroyed by See also:lightning; the interior, which can contain 30.00 See also:people, is remarkable for its bold construction, there being no pillars.

The St Petrikirche, originally consecrated in the 12th century and rebuilt in the 14th, was the oldest church in Hamburg; it was burnt in 1842 and rebuilt in its old form in 1844–1849. It has a graceful tapering spire 402 ft. in height (completed 1878); the See also:

granite columns from the old cathedral, the stained See also:glass windows by Kellner of See also:Nuremberg, and H. See also:Schubert's fine See also:relief of the entombment of See also:Christ are worthy of See also:notice. The St Katharinenkirche and the St Jakobikirche are the only surviving medieval churches, but neither is of See also:special See also:interest. Of the numerous other churches, Evangelical, See also:Roman See also:Catholic and See also:Anglican, none are of special interest. The new See also:synagogue was built by Rosengarten between 18J7 and 1859, and to the same architect is due the sepulchral See also:chapel built for the Hamburg See also:merchant See also:prince Johann Heinrich, Freiherr von See also:Schroder (1784–1883), in the See also:churchyard of the Petrikirche. The beautiful chapel of St Gertrude was unfortunately destroyed in 1842. Hamburg has comparatively few See also:secular buildings of great architectural interest, but first among them is the new Rathaus, a huge German See also:Renaissance building, constructed of sandstone in 1886–1897, richly adorned with sculptures and with a spire 330 ft. in height. It is the place of See also:meeting of the municipal See also:council and of the See also:senate and contains the city archives. Immediately adjoining it and connected with it by two wings is the See also:exchange. It was erected in 1836–1841 on the site of the See also:convent of St See also:Mary Magdalen and escaped the conflagration of 1842. It was restored and enlarged in 1904, and shelters the commercial library of nearly roo,000 vols.

During the business See also:

hours (1–3 p.m.) the exchange is crowded by some 5000 merchants and brokers. In the same neighbourhood is the Johanneum, erected in 1834 and in which are preserved the town library of about 600,000 printed books and 5000 See also:MSS. and the collection of Hamburg antiquities. In the courtyard is a statue (1885) of the reformer Johann See also:Bugenhagen. In the Fischmarkt, immediately south of the Johanneum, a handsome fountain was erected' in. 1890. Directly west of the town See also:hall is the new Stadthaus, the chief See also:police station of the town, in front of which is a See also:bronze statue of the burgomaster Karl See also:Friedrich Petersen (1809–1892), erected in 1897. A little farther away are the headquarters of the Patriotic Society (Patriotische Gesellschaft), founded in 1765i with fine rooms for the meetings of See also:artistic and learned See also:societies. Several new public buildings have been erected along the See also:circuit of the former walls. Near the west extremity, abutting upon the Elbe, the See also:moat was filled in in 1894–1897, and some good streets were built along the site, while the Kersten Miles-Brucke, adorned with statues of four Hamburg heroes, was thrown across the Helgolander Allee. Farther north, along the line of the former town wall, are the criminal See also:law courts (1879–1882, enlarged 1893) and the See also:civil law courts (finished in 1901). Close to the latter stand the new supreme See also:court, the old See also:age and See also:accident state See also:insurance offices, the chief See also:custom See also:house, and the See also:concert hall, founded by Karl Laeisz, a former Hamburg wharfinger. Farther on are the chemical and the See also:physical laboratories and the Hygienic Institute.

Facing the botanical gardens a new central See also:

post-See also:office, in the Renaissance See also:style, was built in 1887. At the west end of the Lombards-Brucke there is a monument by Schilling, commemorating the See also:war of 1870–71. A few streets south of that is the shipping belonging to the See also:port. Between 1876 and 1880 there were 475 sailing vessels with a See also:tonnage of 230,691, and to See also:steam-See also:ships with a tonnage of 87,050. In 1907 there were (exclusive of fishing vessels) 470 sailing ships with a tonnage of 271,661, and 610 steamers with a tonnage of 1,256,449. In 187o the crews numbered 6900 men, in 1907 they numbered 29,536. See also:Industries.—The development of manufacturing industries at Hamburg and its immediate vicinity since 1880, though not so rapid as that of its trade and shipping, has been very remarkable, and more especially has this been the See also:case since the See also:year 1888, when Hamburg joined the German customs See also:union, and the barriers which prevented goods manufactured at Hamburg from entering into other parts of Germany were removed. Among the chief industries are those for the See also:production of articles of See also:food and drink. The import trade of various cereals by See also:sea to Hamburg is very large, and a considerable portion of this See also:corn is converted into See also:flour at Hamburg itself. There are also, in this connexion, numerous bakeries for See also:biscuit, rice-peeling See also:mills and spice mills. Besides the foregoing there are See also:cocoa, See also:chocolate, See also:confectionery and See also:baking-See also:powder factories, coffee-roasting and ham-curing and smoking establishments, lard refineries, See also:margarine manufactories and See also:fish-curing, preserving and packing factories. There are numerous breweries, producing annually about 24,000,000 gallons of See also:beer, spirit distilleries and factories of artificial See also:waters.

Yarns, textile goods and See also:

weaving industries generally have not attained any great dimensions, but there are large jute-See also:spinning mills and factories for cotton-wool and cotton See also:driving-belts. Among other important articles of domestic industry are tobacco and cigars (manufactured mainly in See also:bond, within the free harbour precincts), See also:hydraulic machinery, electro-technical machinery, chemical products (including artificial See also:manures), oils, soaps, See also:india-See also:rubber, See also:ivory and celluloid articles and the manufacture of leather. Shipbuilding has made very important progress, and there are at See also:present in Hamburg eleven large shipbuilding yards, employing nearly 10,000 hands. Of these, however, only three are of any great extent, and one, where the largest class of ocean-going steamers and of war vessels for the German See also:navy are built, employs about 5000 persons. There are also two yards for the building of See also:pleasure yachts and See also:rowing-boats (in both which branches of See also:sport Hamburg takes a leading place in Germany). Art industries, particularly those which See also:appeal to the luxurious See also:taste of the inhabitants in fitting their houses, such as wall-papers and See also:furniture, and those which are included in the equipment of ocean-going steamers, have of late years made rapid strides and are among the best productions of this See also:character of any German city. Harbour.—It was the See also:accession of Hamburg to the customs union in 1888 which gave such a vigorous impulse to her more See also:recent commercial development. At the same See also:time a portion of the port was set apart as a free harbour, altogether an See also:area of 750 acres of water and 1750 acres of dry See also:land. In anticipation of this event a gigantic See also:system of docks, basins and quays was constructed, at a total cost of some £7,000,000 (of which the imperial See also:treasury contributed £2,000,000), between the confluence of the Alster and the railway bridge (1868-1873), an entire quarter of the town inhabited by some 24,000 people being cleared away to make See also:room for these accessories of a great port. On the north side of the Elbe there are the Sandtor See also:basin (3380 ft. long, 295 to 427 ft. wide), in which British and Dutch steamboats and steamboats of the Sloman (Mediterranean) line See also:anchor. South of this lies the Grasbrook basin (quayage of 2100 ft. and 1693 ft. alongside), which is used by See also:French, See also:Swedish and trans-See also:atlantic steamers. At the See also:quay point between these two basins there are vast state See also:granaries.

On the outer (i.e. river) side of the Gras-See also:

brook See also:dock is the quay at which the emigrants for South See also:America embark, and from which the See also:mail boats for East See also:Africa, the boats of the Woermann (West Africa) line, and the See also:Norwegian tourist boats depart. To the east of these two is the small See also:Magdeburg basin, penetrating north, and the Baaken basin, penetrating east, i.e. parallel to the river. The latter affords accommodation to the trans-atlantic steamers, including the emigrant ships of the Hamburg-America line, though their " ocean mail boats " generally load and unload at Cuxhaven. On the south bank of the stream there follow in See also:succession, going from east to west, the Moldau dock for river See also:craft, the sailing See also:vessel dock (Segelschiff Hafen, 3937 ft. long, 459 to 886 ft. wide, 264 ft. deep), the Hansa dock, India dock, See also:petroleum dock,several See also:swimming and dry docks; and in the west of the free port area three other large docks, one of 77 acres for river craft, the others each 56 acres in extent, and one 23.'1-, ft. deep, the other 264 ft. deep, at low water, constructed in 1900-1901. In 1897 Hamburg was provided with a huge floating dock, 558 ft. Long and 84 ft. in maxi-mum breadth, capable of holding a vessel of 17,500 tons and draught not exceeding 29 ft., so constructed and equipped that in time of need (war) it could be floated down to Cuxhaven. During the last 25 years of the 19th century the channel of the Elbe was greatly improved and deepened, and during the last two years of the 19th century some £360,000 was spent by Hamburg alone in regulating and correcting this lower course of the river. The new Kuhwarderbasin, on the left bank of the river, as well as two other large dock basins (now leased to the Hamburg-See also:American See also:Company), raise the number of basins to twelve in all. See also:Emigration.—Hamburg is one of the principal continental ports for the embarkation of emigrants. In 1881–1890, on an See also:average they numbered 90,000 a year (of whom 6o,00o proceeded to the See also:United States). In 1900 the number was 87,153 (and to the United States 64,137). The number of emigrant Germans has enormously decreased of late years, See also:Russia and See also:Austria-See also:Hungary now being most largely represented.

For the accommodation of such passengers large and convenient emigrant shelters have been recently erected close to the See also:

wharf of embarkation. See also:Health and See also:Population.—The health of the city of Hamburg and the adjoining See also:district may be described as generally good, no epidemic diseases having recently appeared to any serious degree. The malady causing the greatest number of deaths is that of pulmonary See also:consumption; but better See also:housing accommodation has of late years reduced the mortality from this disease very considerably. The results of the See also:census of 1905 showed the population of the city (not including the rural districts belonging to the state of Hamburg) to be 802,793. Hamburg is well supplied with places of amusement, especially of the more popular kind. Its Stadt-Theater, rebuilt in 1874, has room for 1750 spectators and is particularly devoted to operatic performances; the Thalia-Theater See also:dates from 1841, and holds 1700 to 1800 people, and the Schauspielhaus (for See also:drama) from 1900 people, and there are some seven or eight See also:minor establishments. Theatrical performances were introduced into the city in the 17th century, and 1678 is the date of the first See also:opera, which was played in a house in the Gansemarkt. Under Schroder and Lessing the Hamburg See also:stage See also:rose into importance. Though contributing few names of the highest See also:rank to German literature, the city has been intimately associated with the See also:literary See also:movement. The historian See also:Lappenberg and Friedrich von See also:Hagedorn were See also:born in Hamburg; and not only Lessing, but See also:Heine and See also:Klopstock lived there for some time. History.—Hamburg probably had its origin in a fortress erected in 8o8 by See also:Charlemagne, on an See also:elevation between the Elbe and Alster, as a See also:defence against the Slays, and called Hammaburg because of the surrounding See also:forest (Hamme). In 811 Charlemagne founded a church here, perhaps on the site of a Saxon place of See also:sacrifice, and this became a great centre for the evangelization of the north of Europe, missionaries from Hamburg introducing See also:Christianity into Jutland and the Danish islands and even into See also:Sweden and See also:Norway.

In 834 Hamburg became an archbishopric, St Ansgar, a See also:

monk of See also:Corbie and known as the apostle of the North, being the first metropolitan. In 845 church, monastery and town were burnt down by the Norsemen, and two years later the see of Hamburg was united with that of Bremen and its seat transferred to the latter city. The town, rebuilt after this disaster, was again more than once devastated by invading Danes and Slays. See also:Archbishop Unwan of Hamburg-Bremen (1013–1029) substituted a See also:chapter of canons for the monastery, and in 1037 Archbishop Bezelin (or Alebrand) built a See also:stone cathedral and a See also:palace on the Elbe. In 1110 Hamburg, with See also:Holstein, passed into the hands of Adolph I., See also:count of Schauenburg, and it is with the building of the Neustadt (the present See also:parish of St Nicholas) by his See also:grand-son, Adolph III. of Holstein, that the history of the commercial city actually begins. In return for a contribution to the See also:costs of a crusade, he obtained from the See also:emperor See also:Frederick I. in 1189 a See also:charter granting Hamburg considerable franchises, including exemption from tolls, a See also:separate court and See also:jurisdiction, and the rights of See also:fishery on the Elbe from the city to the sea. The city council (See also:Rath), first mentioned in 1190, had jurisdiction over both the episcopal and the new town. Craft See also:gilds were already in existence, but these had no See also:share in the See also:government; for, though the Lubeck See also:rule excluding craftsmen from the Rath did not obtain, they were excluded in practice. The See also:counts, of course, as over-lords, had their See also:Vogt (See also:advocates) in the town, but this See also:official, as the city grew in See also:power, became subordinate to the Rath, as at Lubeck. The See also:wealth of the town was increased in 1189 by the destruction of the flourishing trading centre of Bardowieck by See also:Henry the See also:Lion; from this time it began to be much frequented by Flemish merchants. In 1201 the city submitted to Valdemar of See also:Schleswig, after his victory over the count of Holstein, but in 1225, owing to the See also:capture of See also:King Valdemar II. of See also:Denmark by Henry of See also:Schwerin, it once more exchanged the Danish over-lordship for that of the counts of Schauenburg, who established themselves here and in 1231 built a strong See also:castle to hold it in check. The defensive See also:alliance of the city with Lubeck in 1241, extended for other purpose by the treaty of 1255, practically laid the See also:foundations of the Hanseatic See also:League (q.v.), of which Hamburg continued to be one of the principal members.

The See also:

internal organization of the city, too, was rendered more See also:stable by the new constitution of 1270, and the recognition in 1292 of the See also:complete internal See also:autonomy of the city by the count of Schauenburg. The exclusion of the handicraftsmen from the Rath led, See also:early in the 15th century, to a rising of the craft gilds against the patrician merchants, and in 1410 they forced the latter to recognize the authority of a See also:committee of 48 burghers, which concluded with the senate the so-called First 'See also:Recess; there were, however, fresh outbursts in 1458 and 1483, which were settled by further compromises. In 1461 Hamburg did See also:homage to See also:Christian I. of Denmark, as See also:heir of the Schauenburg counts; but the See also:suzerainty of Denmark was merely nominal and soon repudiated altogether; in 1510 Hamburg was made a free imperial city by the emperor See also:Maximilian I. In 1529 the See also:Reformation was definitively established in Hamburg by the Great Recess of the ,9th of See also:February, which at the same time vested the government of the city in the Rath, together with the three colleges. of the Oberalten, the See also:Forty-eight (increased to 6o in 1685) and the See also:Hundred and Forty-four (increased to ISo). The See also:ordinary burgesses consisted of the freeholders and the See also:master-workmen of the gilds. In 1536 Hamburg joined the league of See also:Schmalkalden, for which See also:error it had to pay a heavy fine in 1547 when the league had been defeated. During the same See also:period the Lutheran zeal 'of the citizens led to the See also:expulsion of the See also:Mennonites and other See also:Protestant sects, who founded Altona. The loss this brought to the city was, however, compensated for by the See also:immigration of Protestant refugees from the Low Countries and See also:Jews from See also:Spain and See also:Portugal. In 1549, too, the See also:English merchant adventurers removed their See also:staple from See also:Antwerp to Hamburg. The 17th century saw notable developments. Hamburg had established, so early as the 16th century, a See also:regular postal service with certain cities in the interior of Germany, e.g. See also:Leipzig and See also:Breslau; in 1615 it was included in the postal system of Turn and Taxis.

In 1603 Hamburg received a See also:

code of See also:laws regulating exchange, and in 1619 the bank was established. In 1615 the Neustadt was included within the city walls. During the Thirty Years' War the city received no See also:direct harm; but the ruin of Germany reacted upon its prosperity, and the misery of the lower orders led to an agitation against the Rath. In 1685, at the invitation of the popular leaders, the Danes appeared before Hamburg demanding the traditional homage; they were repulsed, but the internal troubles continued, culminating in 1708 in the victory of the democratic factions. The imperial government, however, intervened, and in 1712 the " Great Recess " established durable good relations between the Rath and the commonalty. Frederick IV. of Denmark, who had seized the opportunity to threaten the city (1712), was bought off with a See also:ransom of 246,000 Reichsthaler. Denmark, however, only finally renounced her claims by the treaty of Gottorp in 1768, and in 1770 Hamburg was admitted for the first time to a See also:representation in the See also:diet of the See also:empire. The trade of Hamburg received its first great impulse in 1783, when the United States, by the treaty of See also:Paris, became an in-dependent power. From this time dates its first direct maritime communication with America. Its commerce was further Further details about Hamburg will be found in the following works: O. C. Gaedechens, Historische Topographie der Freien and Hansestadt Hamburg (188o) ; E.

H. Wichmann, Heimatskunde von Hamburg (1863); W. Melhop, Historische Topographic der Freien and Hansestadt Hamburg von 188o-1895 (1896) ; Wulff, Hamburgische Gesetze and Verordnungen (1889-1896); and W. von See also:

Melle, Das hamburgische Staatsrecht (1891). There are many valuable official publications which may be consulted, among these being: Statistik See also:des hamburgischen Staates (1867-1904); Hamburgs See also:Handel and Schiffahrt (1847-1903); the yearly Hamburgischer Staatskalender; and Jahrbuch der Hamburger wissenschaftlichen Anstalten. See also Hamburg and See also:seine Bauten (1890); H. Benrath, Lokalfiihrer durch Hamburg and Umgebungen (1904) ; and the consular reports by Sir See also:William See also:Ward, H.B.M.'s See also:consul-general at Hamburg, to whom the author is indebted for great assistance in compiling this See also:article. For the history of Hamburg see the Zeitschrift des Vereins See also:fur hamburgische Geschichte (1841, fol.) ; G. Dehio, Geschichte des Erzbistums Hamburg-Bremen (Berlin, 1877) ; the Hamburgisches Urkundenbuch (1842), the Hamburgische Chroniken (1852-1861), and the Chronica der Stadt Hamburg bis 1557 of See also:Adam Tratziger (1865), all three edited by J. M. Lappenberg; the Briefsammlung des hamburgischen Superintendenten See also:Joachim See also:Westphal 1530-1575, edited by C. H. W.

Sillem (1903); Gallois, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg (1853-1856) ; K. Koppmann, Aus Hamburgs Vergangenheit (1885), and Kammereirechnungen der Stadt Hamburg (1869-1894); H. W. C. Hubbe, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg (1897) C. Monekeberg, Geschichte der Freien and Hansestadt Hamburg (1885); E. H. Wichmann, Hamburgische Geschichte in Darstellungen aus alter and newer Zeit (1889) ; and R. Bollheimer, Zeittafeln der hamburgischen Geschichte (1895).

End of Article: HAMBURG

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