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HAMDANI

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 876 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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HAMDANI , in full See also:

ABU See also:MAI;IOMMED UL-IIASAN See also:IBN AHMAD IBN YA'QUB UL-HAMDANI (d. 945), Arabian geographer, also known as Ibn ul-Ha'ik. Little is known of him except that he belonged to a See also:family of See also:Yemen, was held in repute as a grammarian in his own See also:country, wrote much See also:poetry, compiled astronomical tables, devoted most of his See also:life to the study of the See also:ancient See also:history and See also:geography of See also:Arabia, and died in See also:prison at See also:San'a in 945. His Geography of the Arabian See also:Peninsula (Kitdb Jazirat ul-'Arab) is by far the most important See also:work on the subject. After being used in See also:manuscript by A. See also:Sprenger in his See also:Post- and Reiserouten See also:des Orients (See also:Leipzig, 1864) and further extended and See also:developed by the See also:French occupation of See also:Holland in 1795, when the Dutch See also:trade was largely directed to its See also:port. The French Revolution and the insecurity of the See also:political situation, however, exercised a depressing and retarding effect. The See also:wars which ensued, the closing of See also:continental ports against See also:English trade, the occupation of the See also:city after the disastrous See also:battle of See also:Jena, and pestilence within its walls brought about a severe commercial crisis and caused a serious decline in its prosperity. Moreover, the See also:great contributions levied by See also:Napoleon on the city, the plundering of its See also:bank by Davoust, and the burning of its prosperous suburbs inflicted wounds from which the city but slowly recovered. Under the See also:long See also:peace which followed the See also:close of the See also:Napoleonic wars, its trade gradually revived, fostered by the See also:declaration of See also:independence of See also:South and Central See also:America, with both of which it energetically opened close commercial relations, and by the introduction of See also:steam See also:navigation. The first steamboat was seen on the See also:Elbe on the 17th of See also:June 1816; in 1826 a See also:regular steam communication was opened with See also:London; and in 1856 the first See also:direct steamship See also:line linked the port with the See also:United States. The great See also:fire of 1842 (5th-8th of May) laid in See also:waste the greatest See also:part of the business See also:quarter of the city and caused a temporary interruption of its See also:commerce.

The city, however, soon See also:

rose from its ashes, the churches were rebuilt and new streets laid out on a See also:scale of considerable magnificence. In 1866 See also:Hamburg joined the See also:North See also:German See also:Confederation, and in 1871, while remaining outside the See also:Zollverein, became a constituent See also:state of the German See also:empire. In 1883-1888 the See also:works for the See also:Free See also:Harbour were completed, and on the 18th of See also:October 1888 Hamburg joined the Customs See also:Union (Zollverein). In 1892 the See also:cholera raged within its walls, carried off 85oo of its inhabitants, and caused considerable losses to its commerce and See also:industry; but the visitation was not without its salutary fruits, for an improved drainage See also:system, better See also:hospital See also:accommodation, and a purer See also:water-See also:supply have since combined to make it one of the healthiest commercial cities of See also:Europe. in his Alte Geographic Arabiens (See also:Bern, 1875), it was edited by D. H. See also:Muller (See also:Leiden, 1884; cf. A. Sprenger's See also:criticism in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, vol. 45, pp. 361-394). Much has also been written on this work by E.

See also:

Glaser in his various publications on ancient Arabia. The other great work of Hamdani is the Iklil (See also:Crown) concerning the genealogies of the Himyarites and the wars of their See also:kings in ten volumes. Of this, part 8, on the citadels and castles of south Arabia, has been edited and annotated by D. H. Muller in See also:Die Burgen and See also:Schlosser Sudarabiens (See also:Vienna, 1879–1881). For other works said to have been written by Hamdani cf. G. Fliigel's Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber (Leipzig, 1862), pp. 220-221. (G. W.

End of Article: HAMDANI

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